Forms and methods of speech therapy work in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for preschool education
Natalya Ezzhalova
Forms and methods of speech therapy work in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for preschool education
In the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education, one of the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the successful implementation of the program is the use in the educational process of forms and methods of working with children that correspond to their psychological , age and individual characteristics.
The main form of correctional education in a specialized kindergarten is speech therapy classes , in which the development of all components of speech and preparation for school is systematically carried out. The program for raising and training children with speech impairments involves solving correctional problems in the form of :
frontal (subgroup)
classes;
individual lessons;
classes in mobile micro groups.
Classes are conducted by a speech therapist after the children in the group are examined at the beginning of the year.
Frontal (subgroup)
speech therapy classes allow you to effectively solve those problems of speech development and correction of its deficiencies that are a priority for all or most of the group’s pupils. This type of activity develops their ability to get into the general pace of work , follow general instructions, and focus on the best speech patterns .
Thematic and concentric approaches are the basis for planning classes with children with special needs.
The thematic approach to organizing the cognitive and speech material of a lesson involves focusing it on any topic from the objective world surrounding the child. This makes it possible to ensure close interrelation in the work of the entire teaching staff of the group. The study of the topic is studied in parallel in classes of different types of activities: when familiarizing with the environment, speech development, in drawing, modeling, appliqué classes, in games. The selection and arrangement of topics are determined by the following conditions : seasonality, social significance, neutral character.
One of the most important factors in the implementation of the thematic principle is the concentrated study of the topic, which ensures repeated repetition of the same speech content in a short period of time. Repeated repetition is very important both for children’s perception of speech (passive) and for its activation.
In accordance with the concentric approach, program content within the same topics deepens and expands from year to year.
When planning and conducting frontal subgroup speech therapy classes :
the topic and goals of the lesson are determined;
a subject and verb dictionary, a dictionary of signs that children must learn in active speech are highlighted;
lexical material is selected taking into account the topic and purpose of the lesson, the stage of remedial education, an individual approach to the speech and mental capabilities of children, while non-normative phonetic formatting of part of the speech material is allowed;
a gradual complication of speech and speech-thinking tasks is ensured;
when selecting program material, the zone of proximal development of preschool children and potential opportunities for the development of mental activity are taken into account;
Regular repetition of learned speech material is included in classes.
of work are implemented in parallel and organically complement each other to correct certain components of the speech system of preschool children , as well as deficiently developed mental and psychophysiological functions. For example, in classes on the formation of the phonetic - phonemic side of speech with the older group, when studying sound, we work on the clear pronunciation of this sound, at the same time we work on the development of phonemic hearing and the formation of phonemic perception, and we begin the formation of language analysis and synthesis when children work with symbols of sounds , trying to "read"
them together.
Reliance on play as the leading activity of preschoolers and the mandatory inclusion of different types of games in speech therapy classes provide a pronounced positive effect both in overcoming speech disorders and in the development of cognitive mental processes.
Based on all that has been said, the following requirements should be met for frontal exercises:
1. The lesson should be dynamic.
2. Game fragments and surprise moments must be included. You can include funny situations in which children will be participants.
3. There should be a frequent change of different activities.
4. It is necessary to develop a communicative orientation in children, teach them to communicate with the teacher and with each other.
5. During classes, it is necessary to teach children to listen, hear, and correct mistakes in other people’s speech and in their own.
6. Use a variety of teaching materials, colorful and convenient.
7. The most important thing is that children should talk a lot during classes.
The technologies used in the classroom should be arranged in order of increasing complexity and be varied .
Frontal classes, depending on the specific tasks and stages of speech correction, are divided into the following types:
1. Classes on the formation of the phonetic-phonemic side of speech.
2. Classes on the formation and development of coherent speech.
3. Lexical lessons with elements of grammar.
4. Classes on the formation of lexical and grammatical categories.
The main objectives of classes on the formation of the phonetic-phonemic side of speech are: the development of phonemic hearing and the formation of phonemic perception, skills in pronouncing words of various sound- syllable structures ; control over the intelligibility and expressiveness of speech; preparation for mastering basic skills of sound analysis and synthesis.
The specificity of this type of lesson determines the selection of lexical material rich in studied and correctly pronounced sounds.
The goal of classes on the formation and development of coherent speech is to teach children to speak independently. Based on the developed skills of using various types of sentences, children develop the ability to convey impressions of what they saw, about the events of the surrounding reality, to present the contents of pictures or their series in a logical sequence, to compose a story - a description.
In a lexical lesson with elements of grammar, “lexical”
an approach.
With this approach, children’s knowledge and information and their vocabulary are replenished. The speech therapist selects games that can be used to reinforce some grammatical form that is already present in the children’s speech.
In classes on the formation of lexical and grammatical categories, a lexical and grammatical approach is used. With this approach, the classes study the most typical forms of word formation , as well as the basic models of constructing phrases and sentences characteristic of the grammatical system of the Russian language. Thus , preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment develop grammatical concepts . The main objectives of these classes are the development of understanding of speech, clarification and expansion of vocabulary, the formation of general concepts , the formation of practical skills in word formation and inflection , the ability to use simple common sentences and some types of complex syntactic structures.
In our kindergarten, in the second junior and middle groups, lexical lessons with elements of grammar are held. In the senior and preparatory groups, classes are held on the formation of lexical and grammatical categories.
Why are different types of activities used? In the younger groups in the speech therapy , the main emphasis in the speech therapist’s work is on enriching the children’s vocabulary. And here we need lexical classes. That is, in accordance with the thematic annual planning, a lexical topic is selected, the attention of the speech therapist and children in the lesson is completely focused on the dictionary, and if lexical and grammatical categories are taken, then only those already known to the child. In this type of lesson, the study of lexical and grammatical categories plays a secondary role.
In older groups, the study of lexical and grammatical categories takes 1st place, that is, in one lesson, the speech therapist plans to study only one lexical and grammatical topic. This is due to the fact that not a single grammatical category can enter the independent speech of speech-language pathologists without repeated conscious use of it in different phrases and sentences. Topics for lexical and grammatical lessons are not chosen randomly, but in accordance with the physiological and psychological and pedagogical characteristics of the formation of a child with OPD .
Classes in mobile microgroups provide the speech therapist with the opportunity to vary their goals and content depending on the tasks of correctional work , speech and individual typological characteristics of the pupils. At the beginning of the year, when more time is allocated to producing sounds, children who have more or less homogeneous defects in the pronunciation of sounds are usually grouped together. Later, when the emphasis moves to consolidating the given sounds, the opportunity to include exercises aimed at expanding the vocabulary and mastering grammatically correct speech increases; it is advisable to regroup the children taking into account the entire volume of speech work . This approach helps to work differentiatedly with children whose deficiencies are expressed mainly in the sound aspect of speech. Also during classes in mobile microgroups, lexical and grammatical categories are consolidated, work on the development of phonemic hearing and the formation of phonemic perception.
Individual lessons make up a significant part of a speech therapist’s working time each day. They allow for the correction of speech and other deficiencies in psychophysical development, which are deeply individual for each student.
The role of such activities is especially great in working with children of primary and secondary preschool age , the characteristics of which make it difficult to establish productive contacts with adults, and even more so with peers. Nevertheless, a gradual move away from individual lessons to lessons in small subgroups during the school year makes it possible to optimize time expenditure and move on to the formation of some skills in the joint productive and speech activity of children.
There are certain requirements for individual speech therapy When preparing and conducting them, the speech therapist must :
formulate the topic and goals of the lesson;
think through the stages of the lesson, their connection with each other;
plan a gradual complication of the speech material of the lesson;
carry out a differential approach to each child, taking into account the structure of the speech defect, age and individual characteristics;
formulate instructions briefly and clearly;
use varied and colorful visual material;
be able to create a positive emotional background in the lesson.
The main task of individual lessons is the initial formation of the sound side of speech, which includes a set of preparatory articulation exercises, correction of the pronunciation of defective sounds, the syllabic structure of the word , the development of phonemic hearing and the formation of phonemic perception.
When determining the content of an individual speech therapy lesson , selecting speech and practical material, the speech therapist should strive to make the lesson not only interesting, but also as productive as possible, with high speech activity of the child. To do this, you can select lexical and grammatical games and games for the development of the higher mental function with words rich in automated sound.
Individual lessons usually include the following stages: firstly, articulation gymnastics, then finger gymnastics, then work on staging or automating sound. Lexical material should contain the maximum number of fixed sounds. It is necessary to increase the pace of speech exercises from leisurely, exaggerated pronunciation to faster pronunciation and, finally, to tongue twisters. The requirement here is for a gradual complication of lexical material, a transition from simple types of speech activity to more complex ones - from elementary repetition of words with a speech therapist , to naming objects , descriptions, poems, retellings, compiling stories from pictures.
– health-saving technologies. Health-saving technologies are very important for our children with disabilities, since these are usually children with poor health. The selection of elements of various health-saving technologies depends on the age and psychophysiological characteristics of children.
Health-saving technologies include visual gymnastics, changing static and dynamic poses, voice and breathing exercises, outdoor games of a speech nature, exercises for the correction of general and fine motor skills. Gradually incorporating various types of massage, dynamic pauses, finger games, and eye exercises into each lesson, the speech therapist creates the necessary atmosphere that reduces tension and allows you to use the entire lesson time more effectively. All exercises should be performed against the backdrop of positive responses from the child.
Speech therapy intervention is carried out using various methods , among which visual, verbal and practical ones are conventionally distinguished.
Visual methods are aimed at enriching the content of speech, verbal methods are aimed at teaching retelling, conversation, storytelling without relying on visual materials. Practical ones are used in the formation of speech skills through the widespread use of special exercises and games. Practical methods include the recently widely used modeling methods and the project method .
method is one of the promising areas for improving the process of correctional and developmental education and is actively used in our kindergarten. The use of substitutes and visual models develops children's mental abilities. A child who masters forms of visual modeling has the opportunity to use substitutes and visual models in his mind, use them to imagine what adults are talking about, and foresee the possible results of his own actions. The introduction of visual models allows for more targeted reinforcement of skills in the process of remedial training. For example, when preparing to teach literacy, method allows you to solve the following problems:
— Introduce children to the concept of “word”
and its length;
- teach how to distinguish sounds in a word intonationally, find the position of sounds in a word and correlate with the diagram , depict vowel and consonant sounds using visual symbols;
- develop skills in analyzing and synthesizing words and sentences.
When teaching coherent speech, modeling can be used to work on all types of coherent utterances. At this stage, method contributes to:
- mastering the principle of substitution (the ability to designate characters in a work of art as substitutes, conveying events using substitutes;
- mastering the ability to identify fragments of a picture that are significant for the development of the plot, determine the relationship between them and combine them into one plot;
- developing the ability to create a special idea and develop it into a complete story;
The use of visual models in working on the monologue speech of children with special needs allows us to more successfully teach children how to compose a coherent speech utterance.
Thus , the results of the ongoing correctional training indicate the wide possibilities of using visual modeling in speech therapy work with children of senior preschool age underdevelopment .
Recently, the project method . The use of this method is a fundamentally different approach to building the educational process , based on the active research position of children, taking into account their personal interests. This is a way to achieve a goal through detailed development of a problem , the result of which is a product designed in one way or another. This year, the preparatory group developed and then presented a project on the topic: “Motives of Autumn”
.
This project develops the emotional sphere and musical and aesthetic feelings of older preschoolers with speech disorders.
By exploring the world around us, the child gains generalized experience in the development of speech, cognitive, musical and aesthetic abilities. In order for children to show musical and aesthetic feelings, it is necessary to instill in them a love of good music and teach them to understand this music, and this is impossible without the development of musical abilities.
The activities of teachers in this project were focused on introducing children to a highly artistic and accessible musical repertoire, and on developing the creative activity of children.
Another innovation in the work of our kindergarten is the use of such a method of correcting speech disorders in children as logostories . We are just beginning to develop this project , the goal of which is to create conditions for early propaedeutics of speech disorders in children through play activities. With the help of logostories , we hope to solve the following problems of speech therapy correction of the communicative sphere of children:
— creation of a favorable psychological atmosphere during educational activities ;
- enrichment of the emotional and sensory sphere of children through communication with a fairy tale;
- development of dialogic and monologue speech;
- increasing the effectiveness of play motivation of children's speech, its artistic and aesthetic orientation;
- introducing children to the beauty of artistic expression and folklore;
— development of cooperation between teachers, speech therapists and educators with children and with each other based on a personality-oriented model of interaction.
Development of a child's speech through games
For preschool children, games for speech development are recognized as the most effective method for eliminating various speech defects.
A game aimed at improving speech abilities not only attracts a child with its fascination, but is also the most useful of all methods for developing this important skill. Speech therapy classes for children, conducted in a playful format, promote speech development, consolidation of new words, and the formation of correct pronunciation of sounds. Additionally, the future foundation for cognitive activity and the development of mental abilities is laid.
Here are examples of the main types of activities aimed at developing the richness of speech in children:
- Addition of the sentence: in summer the leaves on the maple are green, and with the onset of autumn...; We pick mushrooms in ..., and tomatoes in ..., etc.
- Completing the sentence: I want….; I can…; I'll draw... etc.
- Description of the item: pen – new, beautiful, colorful...; chamomile - white, beautiful, summer...; river – deep, wide, transparent...etc.
- Names of domestic and forest animals with young: rooster, hen, chickens; hare, hare, little hares, etc.
- Big - small (the child needs to choose a diminutive for the proposed word): vase - vase, mouse - mouse, leaf - leaf, etc.
- Catch the ball (the speech therapist throws the ball and names a noun, the child’s task is to transform it into an adjective): autumn - autumn, birch - birch, etc.
- Expressing disagreement/agreement (the task of the lesson is to develop in the child the ability to affirm or challenge a proposed thought with the ability to substantiate his opinion): It will start raining soon - No, because there are no clouds in the sky.
- Word formation (in the proposed word you need to replace a specific sound): squirrel - bun, sam - catfish, give - blow.
Try to do the exercises using pictures, children love them very much.
