Dyslalia: causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

Prevalence of the problem

The disease is a common occurrence, most common in the practice of speech therapists.
According to various estimates, the average number of children with such problems in preschool age is 25-30%, in elementary grades – 17-20%, and in older age – 1%. Classes with a speech therapist are also required for adults who have suffered strokes, TBI, or multiple sclerosis. Most often, there are combined disorders of sound pronunciation that prevent further mastery of written speech. At the same time, the vocabulary can be replenished according to age, all cases are used correctly, the structure of syllable formation is not disrupted, speech is developed at a high level.

Prognosis and prevention

The prognosis for comprehensive, timely treatment of the disorder is positive in most cases. The sooner dyslalia of the mechanical type is eliminated, the greater the chance that the child will not lag behind his peers in academic performance and have problems with communication. The best age for correction is preschool.

Correction almost always takes a long time, during which all necessary medical and speech therapy procedures are carried out.

During this period, it is important not to discourage the child from studying, so the professionalism of the speech therapist and the support of parents are important here.

Prevention of mechanical dyslalia should begin at the stage of pregnancy planning, because many developmental anomalies are associated with the mother’s poor lifestyle, especially during the first trimester.

Preventive measures include timely contact with specialists.

For example, the first visit to the dentist should be planned for when the baby is 6 months old, so that you can anticipate possible problems with teeth or bite in the future.

If possible, artificial feeding should be avoided. If this is not possible, it is necessary to visit a pediatrician for prevention; from the moment the first words and phrases are uttered, take the child to a speech therapist.

Parents can do exercises and games aimed at expanding vocabulary, pronunciation and speech development at home on their own.

Mechanical dyslalia can be prevented from early childhood. This is a common pathology that becomes more and more noticeable over time for a child, teenager, or adult.

If the disease is left to take its course, in the future it can lead to conditions that are practically impossible to correct. To avoid serious complications, you need to pay attention to the child’s speech from early childhood and not ignore incorrect pronunciation, burrs and nasal sounds.

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Classification of dyslalia

The two main groups in this disease are mechanical (organic) and functional dyslalia, the first is associated with defects in the anatomical structure of the speech organs, the second with social factors or neurodynamic disorders in the cerebral cortex (they are reversible).

Functional dyslalia

Functional dyslalia is divided into three types:

motor - in the central sections of the speech motor analyzer;
sensory – in the central sections of the speech-auditory analyzer;
sensorimotor – with the simultaneous presence of both options.

With the motor type, a phonetic defect occurs (the articulatory signs of sounds are not reproduced), that is, the lips and tongue move inaccurately, so the sounds are only approximate, and articulation disorders occur. With the sensory type, a phonemic effect occurs (the acoustic characteristics of sounds are not distinguished) - it is difficult for a person to distinguish acoustically similar phonemes by ear (hard/soft, hissing/whistling, etc.), so he replaces and mixes sounds, which interferes with the mastery of written speech, and leads to dysgraphia in the future.

In accordance with the above options, 3 groups arise:

acoustic-phonemic dyslalia;
articulatory-phonemic;
articulatory-phonetic.

The last two groups are combined under the name articulatory dyslalia, and the first two under the term phonemic dyslalia.

In any of these categories, different degrees of complexity of the disease are possible - complex dyslalia (incorrect pronunciation of more than 4 sounds) and simple.

In each of the listed categories, it is possible to distinguish types of dyslalia according to one more feature - which sounds and from which articulatory groups are affected. If all confused and unpronounceable sounds are in one group (for example, only hissing or only whistling), monomorphic dyslalia occurs, and if from different ones, polymorphic.

Phonetic dyslalia is divided into several narrow subtypes depending on phonetic defects in the pronunciation of sounds of different groups:

rhotacism - incorrect pronunciation of consonants [р] and [р'];
sigmatism – problems with hissing [zh], [sh], [sch], [h] and whistling [s], [s'], [z], [z']
lambdacism - incorrect pronunciation of [l] and [l'];
gammacism – difficulties in using [g] and [g'];
hitism - deficiencies in consonants [x] and [x'];
kappacism – speech problems with the sounds [k] and [k'];
iotacism - incorrect pronunciation [th];
defects in deafening and voicing - when a child or adult replaces paired voiceless ones with a voiced one and vice versa;
defects of hardness and softening - paired hard sounds change to soft consonants and vice versa.

There are also such concepts as paragammatism, parasigmatism, when there is an additional phonemic defect (a sound is replaced by another). Disorders with dyslalia can be complex and combined, for example, lambdacism is combined with rhotacism, sigmatism with rhotacism, and they both also have softening defects.

The causes of the disease in this case lie in social and biological factors:

children imitate the speech of adults (hurried, dialectal);
adults talk to children using lisps and baby talk, which interferes with the development of normal speech;
bilingualism in the family;
pedagogical neglect, the child being left to himself;
general physical weakness of the child;
unformed speech patterns;
delayed speech development.

Mechanical dyslalia

The cause of this form of the disease is organic defects of the speech apparatus itself - lips, tongue, teeth, jaws. Mechanical dyslalia occurs due to congenital causes or as a result of diseases and injuries.

The most common defects of the peripheral articulatory apparatus (tongue and lips) causing speech problems are:

short frenulum of the tongue – problems with upper lingual sounds;
short frenulum of the upper lip;
massive tongue (macroglossia) – observed in children with general underdevelopment;
small and narrow tongue (microglossia) - observed in children with general underdevelopment;
thick lips – problems with labial and labiodental sounds.

Causes of dyslalia in the inert part of the speech apparatus: high narrow or low flat upper palate, dental anomalies (sparse small teeth, diastema), malocclusion (open, deep, cross, etc.). Mechanical dyslalia is not diagnosed for cleft upper lip and soft/hard palate; speech defects in this case are classified as rhinolalia.

Diagnostics

Mechanical dyslalia is the subject of study by speech therapists and medical specialists, so diagnosis is always multi-stage.

A speech therapist analyzes the structure and mobility of the speech organs, diagnoses sound pronunciation and phonemic hearing abilities. Next, a conclusion is formed, which indicates the form of the speech disorder, its type and type (sigmatism, rotacism).
During the medical examination, correction by a surgeon, dental surgeon, orthodontist, or maxillofacial surgeon may be required.

As part of medical diagnostics, X-rays, OPTG, teleradiography can be prescribed, and the production of control and diagnostic models can also be indicated.

Symptoms of deviation

Dyslalia is characterized by a wide variety of symptoms represented by omissions (complete loss of speech), substitutions (substitution of a different sound each time it occurs), distortion (abnormal pronunciation) and confusion of sounds (pronunciation is sometimes correct, sometimes incorrect). Various symptoms appear depending on the form of the disease:

with functional, the pronunciation of one or more sounds is impaired
with mechanical - a group of sounds similar in articulation;
with physiological, age-related tongue-tiedness is observed, the cause of which is the immaturity of phonemic hearing and the inability to correctly control the movements of the speech organs, which naturally goes away by the age of 5.

How to help your baby

Many causes of organic dyslalia can be eliminated by a dentist. Some (lack of primary incisors) disappear on their own with age. But unfortunately, there are also fatal anomalies.

An undeniable advantage of the NeuroSpectrum Center for Pediatric Speech Neurology and Rehabilitation is the possibility of a comprehensive examination of the child not only by a speech therapist, but also by doctors. The specialists of our Center are well acquainted with the latest techniques for correcting pathologies leading to motor dyslalia. This allows you to promptly notice problems that can be corrected and refer the patient to a doctor of the right profile.

How to treat dyslalia and get rid of tongue-tiedness?

At the first consultation, the doctor will tell you how to treat dyslalia in Saratov in preschoolers and schoolchildren, how to cure dyslalia in Russia in children of preschool and school age, how to get rid of tongue-tiedness , what is articulatory phonemic, articulatory phonemic and phonetic, motor and sensory, mechanical, monomorphic, phonemic, simple, complex dyslalia in preschool children. How is prevention, correction of dyslalia , speech therapy examination of children with dyslalia carried out? Does speech therapy psycho-correctional pedagogical communication work help? How does sound pronunciation suffer with dyslalia? Why is polymorphic dyslalia dangerous, what is cheiloplasty, uranoplasty? What is the etiology and causes of dyslalia, differential diagnosis, exercises, gymnastics, literature, conclusion? What is rhinolalia, dysarthria, FNR, FFN, speech card? What is the prevention of dyslalia ? Sarklinik knows how to treat dyslalia in children in Russia.

Sarclinic provides treatment for aphonia, dysphonia, bradylalia, treatment of stuttering, tachylalia, open and closed rhinolalia, dyslalia, treatment of alalia, dysarthria, treatment of aphasia, nasalization, treatment of speech delay, dysgraphia, treatment of general speech underdevelopment, hyperkinesis, synkenesia, treatment of speech development disorders, SPD, delays in speech and psycho-speech development, dyslexia in children and adolescents in Saratov.

Text: ® Sarclinic.com \ Ssrlinic.ru Photo: (©) (©) Gekaskr | Dreamstime.com \ Dreamstock.ru The children depicted in the photo are models, do not suffer from the diseases described and/or all coincidences are excluded.

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