A system of working with children with special needs on complex words in compensatory groups

Spelling difficult words

So, as we already know, the stems in complex words are connected by the vowels “o” and “e”. In order not to get confused in spelling, there is a simple rule: after the base, a connecting vowel “o” is written on the hard consonant (sam o kat, vert o let). If the stem ends in a soft vowel, hissing and “ts,” then the connecting vowel “e” is written: earth e kop, kash e var.

If the final soft consonant of the first stem (“v”, “n”, “r”, “t”) is pronounced firmly, then in this case the connecting vowel “o” is written: bloodthirsty, long-range, chant.

There are some words in which the connecting vowel “e” is written, despite the presence of a soft consonant at the end of the first stem: long-range, songwriting.

There are complex words that do not have a connecting vowel. In order not to get confused in spelling, you need to remember their varieties. These words include :

1. Words containing the stem in its original form: pastime, time calculation, cotyledon.
2. Some terms: oxygen-containing, nitrogen-fixing.
3. Words containing the stem “air”: air traffic controller, air base, etc. They retain the letter "a" at the end of the stem.
4. Words that are formed from phrases and have a case ending in the first part: insane, crazy.
5. If the word contains a numeral in the genitive case: two-story, five-year-old, eighth-grader. In these cases there is no connecting vowel. The exception is words that contain the numerals “one”, “ninety”, “hundred”, “thousand”: thousand-year, hundredfold. The numeral “forty” can be part of a word either with or without a connecting vowel: forty years, sorokoust.
6. Words ending in -ification: gasification, electrification. They should be distinguished from complex words by two roots, for example, gas pipeline.
7. Words with foreign language prefixes are written together. Such prefixes include the following: anti-, archi-, counter-, ultra-, etc. Words with the constituent parts quasi-, pseudo-, pan- are written using the same principle. But if this part is followed by a proper name, then a hyphen is written (pan-Europe) [D. Rosenthal, 2013].

Compound nouns also have their own spelling nuances. The main thing is to remember the basic rules.

Such nouns are always written together if:

1. They contain elements of aviation, aero, meteo, micro, auto, neo, radio, television, mono, etc. For example, aircraft mechanic, auto repair shop, radio broadcasting, electric train.
2. The first part of the verb ends in -i: daredevil, spinner, adonis. But there is one exception: tumbleweeds. This word needs to be remembered.
3. The word begins with board- or ends with -meter: flight attendant, dynamometer.
4. The word is a compound abbreviation: political officer, department head, state committee.
5. The first part of the word is “quarter”: quarterfinal.

As you can see, everything is quite simple. You probably come across many of these nouns every day in text or use them in speech, so there shouldn’t be any difficulties in writing them.

The following compound nouns are written with a hyphen :

1. Without a connecting vowel, which denote the names of mechanisms, scientific and other terms: chair-bed, stop valve, prime minister.
2. Beginning with block and press: press bureau, press center, block system. The word "roadblock" is an exception.
3. Denoting complex units of measurement: kilogram-hour, man-day, gram-atom. Exceptions: workday and workhour.
4. Names of political parties, trends and their adherents: radical socialist, social democrat.
5. Names of cardinal directions: southeast, northwest.
6. Beginning with vice-, chief-, staff-, non-commissioned-, life-, ex-: vice-president, non-commissioned officer.
7. Names that include a verb in the personal form, a conjunction or a preposition: Ivan-da-Marya, Rostov-on-Don.
8. Containing a word with an evaluative meaning: would-be leader, wonder woman.
9. Scientific and technical terms that contain the names of letters or the letters themselves: x-rays, alpha particles.
10. Surnames consisting of several parts: Nemirovich-Danchenko.
11. Geographical names consisting of several words, including official ones: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don [D. Rosenthal, 2013].

An important point: if it is necessary to combine several complex nouns with the same second part, this can be done using the conjunction “and”, while the first parts of the words are denoted by a hyphen: auto, bicycle and motorcycle racing.

A compound adjective is written together if:

1. Consists of a main and a dependent word (the words have a subordinate relationship): railway (railway), able-bodied (able to work).
2. Formed by combining an adjective with a noun - a geographical name: Karlovy Vary (Karlovy Vary), Velikie Luki (Velikie Luki).
3. Is a scientific and technical term: biconcave, nitrate, moisture resistant.
4. Begins with upper-, lower-, early-, late-, ancient-, middle-, general-: Old Russian, national.
5. Is a term or word formed by a free phrase (adverb and participle or adjective) and begins with high-, low-, deep-, shallow-, narrow-, wide-, strong-, weak-, etc.: slightly salted, thin-voiced , potent.
6. Starts at quarter-: quarter-final games.
7. Derived from a foreign surname preceded by a service word: de Broglie hypothesis (de Broglie).
8. Derived from Vietnamese, Korean, Chinese proper names: Laozi (Lao Tzu) [D. Rosenthal, 2013].

Some compound adjectives are written with a hyphen. In order not to get confused in their spelling, it is enough to remember a few basic rules.

A compound adjective is written with a hyphen if:

1. Derived from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen: northwestern, life guards. But if a given word has a prefix, the word is written together.
2. Consists of a combination of names, a first name and a surname, two surnames, a first name and a patronymic: Ilfo-Petrovsky satire, Robin Hood stories.
3. It is formed from several bases that have equal concepts, while the conjunction “and” or “but” can be placed between the parts of the adjective: fruit and berry garden (fruit and berry garden), cardiovascular diseases (heart and vascular diseases).
4. They contain fundamentals that indicate heterogeneous characteristics: official business, military surgical.
5. They indicate quality and an additional shade: sweet and sour, booming and loud.
6. Indicate shades of colors: blue-violet, yellow-green.
7. They are of a terminological nature: legumes-cereals, atomic-molecular.
8. The first part of the word is of foreign language origin and ends in -iko: mechanical-thermal, political-mass.
9. Indicates a geographical or administrative name and begins with east, west, north, north, south; south: West Korean Gulf.
10. Formed from a combination of an adjective and a noun, which have swapped places: dictionary-technical (technical dictionary) [D. Rosenthal, 2013].

In fact, there are much more nuances in spelling complex words; there are also exception words that need to be remembered, but these basic rules will help you not get confused in spelling and not make serious mistakes if you come across similar words in the text.

Russian language lesson “Introduction of the concept of “compound words” Formation of complex words”

Subject:

introduction of the concept of “compound words”, formation of complex words.

Goals:

create conditions under which students can discover a new way of forming words - adding stems;

develop the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice, develop the ability to compare, contrast, draw conclusions,

consolidate students' knowledge on the topics studied; cultivate interest in the native language and communication skills in the classroom.

Equipment

: presentation, individual cards, cards for pair work, writing on the board.

Organizational stage Slide 2

We are going on a journey for science. Today we will go. Let's take our ingenuity and imagination, Dear, we won't turn anywhere from the path! - So, let's go!

Checking homework.
Work using cards 1. Collective check exercise.
166 rooster ball pigeon chicken telegram
2. Individual work on cards (6 people)
Calligraphy
1. Repetition of writing rules
I will put the notebook on a slant, I hold the pen correctly.
I’ll sit up straight, I won’t bend, I’ll get to work! 2. Grammar game “Letter in a word”
In the word NAME - one, FAMILY - 2, in the word - MILLIGRAM - 3, but in the word KIT - none.
Letter - m 2. Analysis of the teacher's sample 3. Independent recording of syllables and words
Mm Mmm Mmm Mi Mya Mu um mu rm mr msh shm dream Mikhalkov aroma slowly
4. Grammar game “4 extra”
From 4 words, name the extra word according to some grammatical sign. The word dream - 2 syllables, Mikhalkov - a proper name, aroma - begins with a vowel letter and not with m, slowly - an adverb and with a double consonant.

Vocabulary work Slide 3 - 4

Test students' knowledge on the previous topic “Words with double consonants.” Divide the words into 2 groups and insert the missing letters. Bath, cool, Russian, highway, shopping, alley, hockey, rowan, Russia. Group 1: bath, highway, alley, hockey, Russia (nouns) Group 2: cool, Russian, store, rowan (adjectives)

Introduction to the topic of the lesson Slide 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 . Working on riddles
a) The hero is rich, treats all the guys: Vanya with strawberries, Tanya with bones, Mashenka with a nut, Petya with russula, Katenka with raspberries, and Vasya with twigs.
b) A small forest c) He protects nature, drives away poachers, And in winter, forest animals are waiting for visitors at the feeders d) A fairy-tale creature living in the forest e) A ship or truck for transporting timber forest - forest - forester - forester - timber carrier 2. Observation of a group of words. Isolating a common grammatical feature Slide 10 - 11
- What do words have in common? - Name the root - How is the word lesok formed? - Forester? - Lesovichok? — What is the root of the word timber carrier? - What does the word mean? - How many words did it take us to understand the word? - Amazing word! It consists of 2 bases and in this case the bases coincide with the roots. – What do you think these words are called? How can you check your guesses?

Studying new material
1. Getting acquainted with the new definition in the textbook p. 72 Slide 12 2. Observation of the group of words steamer, scooter, digger, vacuum cleaner
- What words are used to form each word?
- What letters are they connected by? 3. Conclusion. Working on the rule in the textbook p. 92 4. Commented execution of exercise. 171 5. Independent execution of exercise. 173 Consolidating new material 1. Formation of complex words according to the table Slide 13 - 14
waterfall, starfall, snowfall, rockfall
2. Pair work
Students work in pairs for 2-3 minutes
,
then the teacher reads the definition of the word, and the student names the complex word they formed .
- A person who eats a lot of sweets. — A bird that often moves its neck. - A person who breeds bees. — A mushroom so poisonous that even flies die. - A slacker who constantly lies on his side. – A bird with a bright red tail that trembles like a light. — Russian folk game is a dance in which many people participate. — A saucepan in which it cooks quickly. – A vest that protects the military from bullets – A city among white mountains – A man who loves to read. - A device used to brew coffee. 3. Grammar game “Inventor” Slide 15
“When I grow up a little,” my friend told me. — I will invent a table cover for my mother. Then I will make a drawing, said the inventor.

- What else will you invent? Lunch server. The dishes will be wiped by the Dish Wiper. - And who picks up the fragments? The Shard Picker! — What complex words did the hero of the poem form? - What words are they formed with?

Repetition of the studied material
1. Grammar game “General grammatical sign”
The words key and mint are written in a column on the board. Having determined the grammatical feature of words (gender, number), write down words of the same gender and numbers that begin with the letters in this word. 1st option key (m.r. unit) 2nd option mint (g.r. unit) k - whale m - car l - ray i - apple tree y - south t - quiet h - man a - aster

Lesson summary. Reflection

Homework:

right.s 92. ex. 172

What kind of words are these?

A compound word is a word containing several roots. It is formed from independent parts of speech, which are preserved within it in whole or in part.

The stem of a word can consist of:

• pure root (electr-o-voz, chast-o-kol);
• root with a prefix or suffix (rail-o-road-n-y, mukh-o-lov-k-a, garbage-o-pro-vod);
• whole words (cloak-tent, chair-bed).

The base itself can be abbreviated or truncated, for example, as in the word “quart-plat-a” (rent) [L. Fedorova, 2002].

It is worth distinguishing addition from word production. If a word is formed by combining two or more complete words, then it is an addition. In word production, affixation (attachment of affixes to a word) and alternation (alternation of sounds in words with a common base) are used [V. Danilenko, 2009].

There are several ways to add words:

1. Morphological: a word is formed by combining the main parts (stems, stem and significant word) with the help of connecting vowels “o” and “e”. The meaning of such complex words is easy to understand by the meaning of their main constituent parts (roots). It happens that a suffix is ​​required to form a complex word, in such cases they say that the word appeared in a complex-suffix way (in addition to combining roots, a suffix is ​​also added). Here is an example of such words: sok-o-var-k-a, first-o-year-nick, railway-o-road-n-y.
2. Lexical-syntactic: in this case, the word is formed by combining words in their unchanged form, for example, “shop-atelier”, “boarding school”. This abbreviation of words is called incomplete, i.e. words retain their independent form; they are united by a hyphen. Moreover, each word can have its own ending. Also, the stem of the word can be abbreviated if this is required to denote a single concept: half the kingdom (half the kingdom). The contraction will be considered complete if the new word, formed by two or more roots, is written together and has one ending: four-story, daredevil.
3. Conditional phonetic: a new word is formed by phrases by combining their parts. Syllables are derived from the initial letters of a word, and the last word of the original phrase can be used in full. For example, department store (department store), head teacher (head of education), salary (wages). This type of word addition includes abbreviations, and the method of adding words itself is called compound abbreviation.

Abbreviations make life a lot easier, because they eliminate the need to pronounce the entire phrase. But there is also a minus: not all of them are clear and easy to pronounce.

Today there is even such a thing as abbreviation - a new way of word formation, which has already become popular in many languages ​​[L. Fedorova, 2002].

By the way, the question often arises: why is the word “coronavirus” written with the letter “a” and not with the letter “o”? After all, in fact, the word consists of two roots “crowns” and “virus”, and, according to the morphological method of word formation, there must be a connecting vowel between them.

The term “coronavirus” is foreign, it came to us in Russia in the spring of 2022 and completely retained the spelling of the original lexeme. In English it is written like this – coronavirus, where “corona” means “crown” or “wreath”. It turns out that the letter “a” is part of the stem of a foreign word.

The full name of the disease is written as Corona Virus Disease, and since... the name is too long, it was decided to replace it with an abbreviation that contains the first letters of the words of the phrase - Covid-19 [L. Rubinchik, 2020].

So, let's once again go through examples of complex words in the Russian language to better understand what we are talking about:

1. Compound nouns with a connecting vowel “o”: stars-o-let, machine-o-pis, top-o-laz, letter-o-ed.
2. Compound nouns with a connecting vowel “o” and a suffix: juice-o-var-k-a, fruit-o-knife-k-a, honey-o-var-n-ya.
3. Compound adjectives with two roots and a connecting vowel “o”: equal-o-strong-n-y, light-o-hair-y, blue-o-eyed.
4. Compound nouns with two roots and a connecting vowel “e”: lie-e-bok-a, sun-e-pek, birds-e-water, earth-e-kop.
5. Compound adjectives with a connecting vowel “e” and a suffix: sun-e-protection-n-y, pedestrian-e-hod-n-y, life-e-love-iv-y.
6. Words with two roots without a connecting vowel: cafe-restaurant, salon-shop, coffee grinder.

Now that we have figured out what complex words are spelled in the Russian language and how they are formed, let's get acquainted with the basic rules of spelling complex words.