How to teach a child to speak? 6 ways mom invented

The first year in a baby's life is very important. At this time, the child learns a lot - to sit, crawl, walk and, of course, talk. True, you should not expect that as soon as the baby turns one year old, he will speak fully. As a rule, by the end of the year the baby just begins to speak the first words that only parents can understand.

Nevertheless, the development of a child’s speech up to one year is a matter that can and should be addressed. Cooing, babbling and even screaming are ways to form speech. At this stage, you need to support the child by developing him as a whole, and not focusing on the linguistic area.

How to teach a child to speak before one year old

The development of speech in children under one year of age occurs in the complex development of the whole organism. A newborn has only a set of reflexes that gradually develop and turn him into a full-fledged personality. Speech is one of the important criteria for development. It is the result of coordinated activity of the brain, and the brain develops thanks to the activity of a child exploring the world in the first months of his life.

To speed things up, you can listen to the following tips:

• Talk constantly. From the first minutes, children absorb information about what they see and hear around them. Their hearing is already fully formed. You can talk about anything - what you dress him in, where you go, comment on any little things. Activities that accompany conversation promote faster understanding. After some time, the baby will be able to understand what they want from him.
• Repeat after your child. Usually children, even at such a tender age, try to say something. Often it resembles an endless repetition of one sound. This is how the baby trains diction. It would be great if his parents repeated after him. You can complicate the task by singing the familiar “zya-zya-zya” to the child. This way the baby will learn to keep the pace, which will also be useful for him in the further development of speech.
• Animal sounds. When your child communicates with animals, show what sounds these animals make. Is there a cat in the house? The child will quickly learn that she says “meow.” When the speech apparatus is sufficiently formed, the child will even be able to call the cat with the standard “kitty-kitty.” It’s even more interesting with dogs, as they are more friendly by nature. If there are no animals, you can reinforce the sounds with pictures;
• Train your baby's fine motor skills. Surely you have noticed that little children want to touch, grab, and crush everything? This is no accident. This is how the brain develops. By allowing your baby to play with cereals, sand, buttons and beads, you are doing him a good service, including accelerating the acquisition of speech. Naturally, all these exercises must be done under the supervision of parents, so that the inquisitive baby does not start eating sand or stuffing buttons into his nose.
• Organize communication with other children. Children can communicate with each other even more actively than with adults. They share their experiences, although often it looks like babble. If there are children in the company who already know how to speak, most likely the baby will imitate them. In addition, when playing with other children, the child gets pleasure, which is important for his development.
• Use sign language in doses.
  It is easier for a child to show what he wants than to say. If this can even help right away (for example, when a baby points to a package of juice and the mother comments on what the juice is called), then in the future it is better to get the child to name the object.

Even with all this effort, you shouldn’t expect your baby to be quoting War and Peace by his first birthday. Usually the children with whom they work speak earlier, but in the same “gibberish.” Approach everything without fanaticism. Everyone has their own pace of development. The main thing is the health and well-being of the baby.

Constant training

Constant training is important for the development of the speech apparatus. That is why, during any interaction with a child, it is important to comment on what is happening. You can tell your baby about everything that is happening around. The more often the described actions are repeated, the faster the child will remember individual words, and then phrases. He most likely won’t be able to speak them yet, but he will understand.

For speech training to be successful, you need to follow some recommendations:

• Strike a balance between saying too much and too little. It is important to focus on one or two words.
• Highlight the names of objects and the actions that happen to them. Sentences should be short but meaningful.
• Talk about an object when the child has it in front of his eyes, or some action is performed with it.
• Read poems more often, but only emotionally and maintaining rhythm. The more emotionally you speak, the easier it is for the child to pay attention to the speech, and therefore to assimilate it.
• Use gesture games when talking and counting rhymes with clapping. Children after 6 months perceive them well.
• It is advisable to talk face to face. The baby follows the movement of his lips, remembering articulation and intonation.
• Ask questions. Even a simple question about whether you like the toy will do. The main thing is to wait for the reaction. It can be in any form - grumbling, smiling, even crying. If the baby enters into a dialogue, he needs to be motivated - praised, smiled, kissed.

You need to be in constant contact with your baby. Regular and systematic communication is the best way to speed up the development of his speech.

Expand your passive vocabulary

The child does not yet have an active vocabulary, because the baby simply does not know how to speak. But he can already recognize those things that he sees and uses every day. Of course, provided that parents use the tips described above.

A few more features of the passive dictionary extension:

• Regularly conduct “tours” of the house . If household items are familiar to you, then all this is new to your child. A regular TV remote can take several hours to use. Walk around the house with your baby, naming objects. For example, close and open the doors, turn the lights on and off, boil the kettle. These are everyday activities, but they will be very interesting for the baby, who will be able to learn many new words along the way.
• While walking on the street, show your little fellow traveler trees, benches, pine cones, a fountain, a house, and even an urn . The more objects he sees, the better.
• Name the parts of the body . The game will help the baby learn where his hands are, where his legs are, what kind of nose he has, etc. When the main elements of the face and body have been studied, you can tell what they are like - blue/green/brown eyes, long/short/straight/curly hair.
• Use games . For example, The world in the palm of your hand or We speak from the cradle. With the help of educational materials, your baby will speak much faster.

The expansion of passive vocabulary can be supplemented by looking at different pictures. The brighter and more interesting the pictures, the better.

Use simplified words

Babies cannot speak complex words. Their maximum is “ba ba ba,” that is, monosyllabic, frequently repeated constructions. If you want your child to learn to speak faster, it is better to name objects in the same simple words.

For example:

• dog - woof-woof;
• rain - drip-drip;
• goat - be-be;
• bell - ding-ding.

This simplification will not be excessive. For a child, simple words are the norm. Having learned them, the child will more actively develop speech. Their regular use will help prepare for more complex speech structures. Up to one and a half years, the introduction of simplified words is acceptable.

But it’s important not to overdo it here. Communicating with a child exclusively in simplified words will do more harm than good. It is better to use the full and simplified form of the word so that in the future the child can painlessly switch to standard speech. Retraining is too difficult a process.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=SFvwNmeqvIo

Roll calls

To teach a child roll calls, you need to know what sounds he already knows and likes to pronounce. Parents, as a rule, know all this, given that, having heard a new sound they like, the baby can repeat it for hours.

Knowing these syllables, say them in front of your child several times. Usually the baby reacts and begins to babble after the parent. If the child babbles on his own, repeat the new syllable after him. This way he will understand that you are reacting.

Then change the sounds and syllables yourself. The baby, having understood the essence of the game, will repeat sounds that are new to him. He may not succeed right away, but in any case, children really like such roll calls.

You can play roll call even if parents and children are in different rooms. The main thing is to pronounce the sounds loud enough. And there is no need to be distracted from everyday household chores. But there is advice - one lesson = one new syllable. At each roll call, syllables already learned can be repeated. And to maintain the child’s interest, it is worth using roll calls in poetic form.

For example, you've probably heard:

Geese, geese! Ga-ha-ha

Do you want to eat? Yes Yes Yes.

Development of fine motor skills of hands

Speech development in infants is influenced by games that involve fine motor skills. Scientists have long proven the relationship between fine motor skills and children’s ability to speak. The sooner the baby starts doing exercises to develop fine motor skills, the faster he will speak. The motor and speech centers of the brain are located nearby, and stimulation of one affects the functioning of the other.

Eastern practices say that there are points on the palms, the stimulation of which can affect the entire body. That is why you can do exercises with your baby’s fingers almost from birth.

But it is important to follow the following rules:

• You need to practice every day, devoting at least 2-3 minutes. More may not work, especially with very young children who sleep a lot and eat while they are not sleeping.
• It is better to choose the time to play while the baby is in a good mood;
• Be sure to praise the baby.
• The props used for games must be clean and safe. Kids may well taste an interesting little thing, and this should not cause allergic reactions or more serious problems.
• For the game it is better to use objects of different sizes and textures. They should differ in grip options so that kids learn to turn their hands in different directions.

You can massage your fingers, use a variety of rattles with a massage effect. Or buy toys that start singing or glowing after you press some buttons. If the toy also speaks, that’s great. But this accessory is suitable for children who are more than six months old.

What should you not tell your children?

To denigrate another

It's so easy to put all the blame on the other parent and remain white and fluffy. But a child doesn’t need to know that his dad is a “rare goat” and his mom is a “soulless bitch”

“Look, Petenka, what a scoundrel your dad is. You won't leave your mother like him, will you? You and I can live together and we don’t need anyone.”

The boy, of course, will console his crying mother and promise her even the moon from the sky, if only she would wipe away her tears. But what will happen inside him?

Petya doesn’t know the scoundrel man, his dad is good: he buys ice cream, teaches him to ride a bike and tickles him funny with his mustache when he kisses him on the cheek.

There is no need to deprive a child of his family. It is better to discuss your issues behind closed doors. When parents stop spitting venom at each other and competing in wits, you can start negotiations.

The illusion of family

You should only talk about divorce if you are confident in your decision. Do not shock with a sudden: “That’s it, today your dad is packing his bags and leaving. He doesn’t live with us anymore,” but explain the situation in advance.

Don't give false hopes. If you are firmly convinced that you will never get back together, do not tell your child that mom and dad will definitely make peace.

Yes, the pill of truth is very bitter, but it is better to give your child time to understand and accept your decision than to feed him unrealistic promises and betray trust.

You cannot let your child think that the safety of your marriage depends on him. This is a dangerous illusion that turns good intentions into vile manipulations. In an effort to keep mom and dad, children create a lot of problems for themselves and those around them.

Disease . Stress can put a person to bed no worse than an insidious virus. Seeing how his parents are fussing around him, the child comes up with an insidious plan. He feigns illness just to keep mom and dad close.

The child’s behavior is reminiscent of an old grandmother who presses for pity, clutching her heart in any situation.

Of course, a little pretender won’t save the family from divorce, but it will fray a lot of nerves.

Despot . A sweet angel is turning into a difficult child before our eyes. He refuses to recognize the authority of his parents, is capricious, and imposes his own rules.

He sincerely believes that mom and dad should ask his opinion before getting a divorce, finding a new couple, or having another child.

Guilt . If a child believes that his parents divorced because of him, this complex will persist for life.

Substitution . Do not allow your child to fill your spouse's vacant position. Do you think a daughter who has been cooking borscht for her dad since she was five years old is happy?

Will a prematurely matured teenager, who works three jobs at less than 16, remember this time with warmth?

You can ask a child for help, but he should not take on non-child responsibilities.

Even if he said: “That’s right, get a divorce, how long can you quarrel?” - sort out the relationship yourself, and just tell him your decision.

Otherwise, the child will then begin to tell his parents where and with whom to live, how many children to give birth to and how to raise them.

The real reasons

Each couple has their own reasons, but children do not need to know about them. Adult explanations like “dad found another aunt” or “we are tired of each other” are completely unnecessary for the child.

It would be nice to give an example of a prosperous family that also went through a divorce: “Like Tanya’s, mom and dad don’t live together. But because of this, her parents did not love her any less: her dad still takes her to the amusement park on weekends, and she goes to her grandmother every summer.”

There is no need to make the argument: “we just don’t love each other anymore” - the teenager already notices that something has changed in your relationship, but the kid may think that he, too, will someday stop being loved and kicked out of the house.

Try not to involve strangers in this process. Two warring camps will only escalate the situation and completely destroy the family structure.

Grandmother, who used to sing papa’s praises about being a golden husband and father, suddenly calls him a scoundrel and a scoundrel. Such a change in polarity is unpleasant for a child who is 50% from mom and 50% from dad. After all, he loves his parents equally!

Adult questions

During a divorce, people often show the worst qualities that they previously kept hidden. They try to turn the child against the partner, forcing him to choose sides.

Sometimes the baby is turned into a carrier pigeon: “Ask dad if he found an apartment,” “Tell mom to come to court the day after tomorrow.”

Find the strength to communicate directly or through a lawyer, and the child must remain a neutral party.

If a child is over 10 years old, he already has to make the most difficult choice of his life: decide with whom he wants to live.

He is not obliged to discuss housing and financial issues. “Dad doesn’t want to pay us child support. How will we live? But it’s almost September, what will you wear to school?” – a nervous mother eats the child’s brains out with a teaspoon.

Perhaps she is looking for simple human sympathy, but the little personality does not perceive it that way. The child feels guilty and sincerely begins to believe that finding money for the family budget is his primary task.

Mom said that tomorrow they would die of starvation. The child will either withdraw into himself or begin to look for ways (and not always legal ones) of obtaining finance.

You are no longer needed

According to statistics, 30% of women prohibit their child from seeing his father. This is a kind of revenge on the man who left the family. But the baby has a completely different point of view.

“Mom says that dad doesn’t love me, that’s why he doesn’t come. And in kindergarten Grandma Olya comes to me, brings me chewing gum and candy and says that it was my mother who forbade me to see me. I want them to stop fighting and everything will be as before.”

Children cannot stop loving a loved one overnight. And it’s all the more painful for them to hear that they got rid of them like an old toy.

It would be correct to say: “We decided to live separately, and dad (mom) is moving to another place. Even if you see each other less often, this does not mean that your parents do not love you.”

New family

For a child, the news of divorce is already extremely painful; there is no need to aggravate the situation with details.

Soon he will understand that mom now lives with Uncle Igor or dad lives with Aunt Marina. Wait until passions subside and your son (daughter) is ready to meet.

In 50% of cases, the child is already negatively disposed towards the parent’s new passion: the influence of relatives, banal jealousy and resentment.

The first year after divorce is especially difficult. These adults are virtuosos of hypocrisy; it is difficult to make a child smile at an aunt he hates, or call someone else’s uncle “dad.”

Seeing that his comments hurt adults, the child can get used to the role of a malicious critic: “But my mother cooks better,” “Dad’s hands grew from the right place, he could fix the faucet himself.”

Of course, offensive comparisons are unpleasant for a person of any age, but for children this is a natural defensive reaction. Be patient and surround your child with care and love.

Out of sight, out of mind

It happens that one of the parents breaks off relations with the family forever. Mom cries at night, burns wedding photos and even takes back her maiden name.

The child perceives this very painfully. Especially if a woman cannot restrain herself and transfers negative emotions to him. “You are as lazy as your father,” “Why are you slouching at the table? Do you want to work like daddy for the rest of your life on medicine?”

There is no need to make a child a whipping girl or a whipping boy. This is a person, not a smaller copy of dad! Yes, now a dark period has come in your life, but there were also bright moments!

I would like nothing to remind me of my ex-partner, but for a child, the world he knows is the only constant.

Try to lead the same lifestyle for at least a few months: do not change kindergarten, school, walk in the same park and go to the zoo on Sundays.

We're left alone

Do not turn your child into an arbitrator, a peacemaker, or a vest for tears. You can often hear the following:

“Well, son, it’s just you and me left. Now you are a man, the head of the family. Mom can’t cope without you.”

The burden of responsibility will put pressure on the child and deprive him of his childhood. In addition, the woman shifts part of the responsibility for what happened onto his shoulders.

You can always turn to friends or relatives for support, and the child will already worry about you.

Bribery of an official

Every normal parent has a heartache for their child. I would like to follow the advice of the Eastern sages: “Pamper your children, because you don’t know what life has in store for them.”

And an adult who feels guilty is soft clay from which you can sculpt whatever you want. Children are subtle manipulators. Even in such a difficult moment, they will not miss the opportunity to sit on your neck.

Don’t try to bribe your child: “Mom didn’t allow you to eat sweets before lunch, but I brought you chocolates,” “Dad never put you in the front seat, but I’ll give you a ride.”

While parents compete in generosity and try to atone for guilt, the child is already trampling their authority into the mud. By indulging his whims, we must not forget that you risk raising a person who will be confident in his impunity.

I give instructions

“Don’t get married, daughter. All men are assholes. We lived in marriage for fifteen years, and he, an ungrateful brute, packed his bags and left. But for him I..."

Such notations are almost always a guarantee that the daughter will remain lonely. She will look at every man through the prism of her mother's contempt.

Over time, this will develop into dissatisfaction, fear of relationships and constant neurosis. “You’re a good boy, don’t upset mom, don’t be like dad.”

A boy who does not leave his mother’s skirt will grow up to be an effeminate sissy and is unlikely to be able to become a full-fledged head of the family.

And it’s all due to overprotection and incorrect life attitudes.

Psychologist Maria Seraya, a specialist in systemic family therapy, has seen from her own experience that children endure divorce extremely painfully: “They develop a lot of fears that must be dealt with.

1. Children are afraid that they are no longer loved. Find time to communicate with your child, try to walk, play, and go somewhere together more often. Tell him how dear he is to you, hug him, kiss him, fall asleep together.
2. Children are afraid that if one parent lives separately, they will no longer be able to see him.
3. Children are afraid that they were the reason for their parents' divorce. It is difficult for a child to understand that parents could separate for reasons not related to him (this is a psychological feature of preschool children). The kid thinks: “They got divorced because I behaved badly, ate badly, didn’t listen.”

The method of “therapeutic fairy tales” can help in overcoming these fears, which describe examples of possible stories, heroes whose parents also decided to separate.

The content of fairy tales must be adjusted based on many factors.

In particular, depending on the child’s reaction to the parents’ divorce. Therefore, you should seek help from a psychologist in order to help not only the child, but also yourself in this difficult situation.”

Stages

If we consider the development of a child’s speech by month, we can distinguish several stages:

• Scream. From birth to 6-8 months.
• Booming. From 2 to 5 months.
• Babble. From 6 months to a year.
• First words. Up to two years.

These stages of speech development are very conventional. This means that they can shift by several weeks or months. However, it is this classification that makes it possible to notice if the child’s development differs from normal.

Dorechevaya

1. Newborns already have certain vocal reactions - screaming, coughing, sneezing, yawning . Sometimes, towards the end of the first month, children begin to make individual guttural sounds - something like “ae”. The screaming period lasts about three months. It was at this time that the foundations of the protolanguage were laid. Children learn facial expressions, gestures, various manipulations, etc.
2. In the second month of life, the baby hums and squeals if he likes something . A differentiation of the cry appears depending on the emotion it shows. Humming is part of the revitalization complex, and the sounds that babies make during this period are: “gi”, “ge”, “ege”, “agu”. Naturally, sounds do not take into account correlation, constancy, relevance, etc. In the third month, the child begins to pronounce intonation sounds.
3. In the fifth month, babbling appears . At this stage, it is very important how developed the level of auditory perception is. The peculiarities of speech sounds and syllable formation begin to appear - the child pronounces syllables like “ma”, “ba”, “pa”, etc. Initially, these structures are unstable - they have different durations, the last segment is replaced (ma-ma-ma-boo).
4. Prefaces appear at 7 months . This is a closed sequence of syllables united by accentuation. The sounds become constant, the child reacts to his name and listens to the speech of those around him.
5. Subject related sounds . Formed by eight months. Children are able to understand individual, frequently spoken phrases. Can look for a familiar object if asked by an adult. By 9 months, a child’s passive vocabulary may contain several short phrases.

Despite its non-verbal nature, it is protolanguage that is the basis for the formation of intelligence and is actively used by children up to two years of age.

Pregrammatical

When a child reaches his first year, his speech, as a rule, already includes his first clearly pronounced words, like: mom, dad, grandma. As for understanding words, a baby going through the dogmatic stage already understands about 30 words. His first words are polysemantic in nature - that is, they sound the same, but mean very different concepts/things. Children have difficulty pronouncing beeps, making it difficult to understand what they are saying. But through constant repetition this is gradually corrected.

Between three months and one and a half years, vocabulary growth slows down, but children continue to master the intonation and rhythmic components of speech. Thanks to this, sounds cease to be similar. The child listens to the speech of adults and tries to liken his speech to what he heard. But usually, each spoken word can stand for an entire sentence. Speech is situational and emotional (children can shout and gesture very loudly).

By the age of two, the child continues to develop a vocabulary, including two- and three-syllable words. First, the syllable on which the stress falls is spoken, then the pre-stressed syllable and the unstressed one. As a result, most words are very difficult to make out. Regarding grammar, children begin to pronounce syllables correctly when their vocabulary is at least 50 words. This is where the next stage of speech development begins.

Mastering grammar

Children begin to go through this stage around the age of two. Up to 2 years and 2 months, children go through the stage of agrammatism, when they speak without formalizing their speech grammatically. Next, kids begin to identify morphemes and form words, albeit by analogy with those they already know. Sentences become three- and four-word. The child begins to talk about everything he sees, talks about his desires and experiences. In general, it says a lot, but it’s not always clear.

From 2 years and 3 months to 3 years, children develop professional vocabulary. Children construct sentences of 3-4 words, and can use familiar words in several grammatical forms. Children's speech changes qualitatively due to inclusion in the game. It becomes coherent and understandable.

From 3 to 7 years of age, vocabulary develops, when a child can use up to four thousand words in speech. A sense of language and grammatical skills are formed. Pronunciation is improving.

These periods vary from person to person, but for most children, speech development occurs this way.

What affects children's speech development

Speech development is one of the most difficult, but also the most important stages in a person’s life.

The formation of the ability to express oneself is influenced by many factors, among which are:

1. Auditory attention. Without well-developed hearing, children will not be able to learn speech, because in order to repeat something, they must first hear it. To develop auditory attention, parents should engage with their children. For example, let them listen to music, train them to understand where the sound comes from. In the latter case, rattles will help. In a conversation, you can use different intonations to develop an understanding that the child is being praised or, conversely, that you are dissatisfied with his behavior. In addition, changing intonation allows you to train the formation of speech tempo.
2. Motor development. Language and motor development are closely related, as we have already discussed. Therefore, in order to develop the language component, it is advisable to use games that force the child to actively move. True, at such a young age it is difficult for a baby to control his movements, especially with regard to fine motor skills, which physiologically develop later than gross motor skills. And don’t forget about articulatory motor skills. Smiles, various “faces”, clicking of the tongue, etc. activates the muscles responsible for the correct formation of sounds.
3. Intellectual growth. The intellectual development of a child directly affects the rate of his language development. There is an opinion among the common people that a stupid child will speak later than a smart one. In fact, the pace of a baby’s intellectual development can be accelerated. There are special techniques for this. Even ordinary games stimulate the baby's intelligence. The main thing is to work with the child systematically and not overload him, trying to “fashion” a child prodigy.
4. Emotional development. Emotionality stimulates faster development of speech. This is why we instinctively talk to a child more emotionally than to adults. This helps him more accurately determine intonation and make him want to respond with emotion to emotion.
5. Communication. A child will speak faster if he has someone to do it with. Communication with parents is, of course, good, but it will be useful for kids to communicate with other children. Therefore, it is advisable to go out with your child more often to playgrounds, etc.

The main rule is to work with children. The more effort you put into their development, the faster you will get the return. In infancy, children absorb information like sponges.

What should a child say?

The development of speech in babies can be roughly divided by month:

Depending on the conditions in which the baby develops and his personal characteristics, these stages may occur earlier or a little later. But thanks to such a clear picture of development, parents and doctors can understand if something is wrong with the child.

The first words of a baby are an unsurpassed joy for every parent.

Absolutely every parent dreams of his child starting to talk and make all kinds of sounds as early as possible. But not everyone knows how to achieve this, because every child is individual and develops at different rates. Someone, for example, pronounces words starting at 1.5 years old, and some only when they reach the age of three. These signs depend on a number of reasons related to hereditary data and the conditions surrounding the child. The baby's first word is considered to be the one he hears most often, and because... Since the child is almost always close to his mother, the word “mother” is the most frequently used. To teach your child to pronounce the word “mom,” you need to voice each of your actions, for example, like this: “mom went into the room...” or “mom sat on the sofa,” etc. When playing with a child, it is very important to carry out some stimulating actions in order for him to speak, to pronounce certain words in parts, because kids really like to repeat them after an adult.

Who speaks faster - a boy or a girl?

As a rule, girls start talking faster. According to various studies, boys speak fully 4-6 months later than girls. But this does not mean that they are developmentally delayed or have some kind of pathology.

There are several theories that explain this phenomenon:

• 
  Biochemical.

  Many scientists adhere to this version. According to it, boys have more of the hormone testosterone in the womb (indicators exceed those of girls several times). This hormone is involved in the formation of the central nervous system and affects the development of speech functions.
• Psychological-genetic. According to this version, communication skills have long been more necessary for the female sex. They were used in everyday life for communication in tribes and when raising offspring. Men were busy hunting and other activities that did not involve active verbal communication. It turns out that delayed speech development in boys is something of an archaism.
• Physiological. According to research, girls have more developed tactility and fine motor skills - this has a beneficial effect on the development of speech centers.

It is impossible to talk about the veracity of this or that theory, just as it is impossible to completely deny them. But the experience of many parents suggests that boys actually start speaking a little later.

Although, if a child, regardless of gender, speaks later than his peers, but otherwise develops normally, there is no need to worry about this. You can simply continue to study with your baby, replenishing his vocabulary. There are often cases when children, having accumulated a sufficient number of words, begin to speak quite coherently only a few months later than their peers, but no longer making their mistakes.

Relationships after divorce

Psychologists distinguish four types of couples who have experienced divorce.

• Comrades . The parents become friends and continue to communicate, even though they do not live under the same roof. All problems are solved together and the child does not feel deprived of care.
• Allies . They are forced to maintain communication for fear of offending their son/daughter. They are negative towards each other. The separated parent communicates with the child with the highest permission of the other.
• Enemies . They used to seem like a model couple, but divorce became a stumbling block. Conflicts, quarrels, litigation. Sometimes it comes to the point that one, at the sight of the other, crosses to the other side of the street. Ex-spouses communicate little and only for significant reasons.
• Singles . The stamp in the passport no longer connects them and contact is completely interrupted. The child understands perfectly well that he has no place in the life of one of the parents. No amount of fairy tales about “pilot dad on a business trip” will help overcome the feeling of one’s own powerlessness and loneliness.