Visual and expressive means (tropes)

Types of visual and expressive means

Tropes (words with a figurative meaning): allegory, hyperbole, litotes, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, personification, periphrase, synecdoche, comparison, epithet.
Stylistic figures of speech : anaphora, epiphora, parallelism, antithesis, non-union, polyunion, gradation, inversion, parcellation, ellipsis, rhetorical constructions.
Sound writing : alliteration, assonance.
Lexical means : archaisms, neologisms, occasionalisms, dialectisms, barbarisms, exoticisms, etc.
Stanza , size, rhythm.

In this article we will tell you about the trails and what tasks can be associated with them.

Application of phraseological units

Phraseologisms deserve special attention - apt set expressions characteristic of one specific language.

In our case - Russian. Along with other linguistic units, they form an important lexical part in sentences, are independent and have their own indirect meanings.

They consist of two or more words that form a uniform semantic structure.

Relevance depends on the context or life situation. There is an expressive commentary for almost any event, behavior or character.

For example:

Play blind man's buff - to hide something, to deceive.
Hands folded - doing nothing.
The cat cried - very little.
You can’t ride a goat - about an unapproachable person who doesn’t know fun.

It can be difficult to understand the essence of a veiled phrase ; besides, there have been so many persistent constructions historically that it is impossible to remember them all.

Entire volumes of dictionaries with interpretation and examples of use are devoted to phraseological units. This is not only a reflection of the rich culture of the people, but also a treasure trove of research for linguists and simply interested people.

Allegory

Allegory is a trope; figurative expression; transfer of meanings from one subject to another; — isolation of concepts through an artistic image.

Functions of allegory

increased imagery;
creation of special expressiveness.

Examples:
Allegories can be introduced by the author from old fables and fairy tales, since they arose on the basis of myths.
Fox	deceit
Wolf	greed
Snake	deceit
Bird	freedom, liberation
Libra, Themis	justice, impartiality
Scythe, Hades	death

Stylistic features of the artistic style

In connection with the tasks and features of the artistic style, we will indicate its characteristic stylistic features:

Imagery. The characters are described vividly and vividly using linguistic means.
Expressiveness. Literary text contains epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other expressive means.
Emotionality. The literary text is filled with emotions.
Aesthetics. Expression of a sense of beauty, harmony between form and content.
Author's style (style) - the author expresses his own position using various means and tools of the literary language.
Organized text. Prose is divided into chapters, a play - into scenes, acts, poems - the size of the verse is observed.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is a trope; figurative expression; exaggeration that sharply emphasizes the strength or significance of some phenomenon.

Hyperbole is a figurative and expressive means opposite to litotes.

Hyperbola functions

achieving a comic or satirical effect;
emphasizing the predominance of a phenomenon over others;
creation of special expressiveness.

Examples:

“I lived a hundred lives , And I was with you only for a moment.”; “I, and you too, have eternity in reserve ...”; “ In a hundred and forty suns the sunset was burning ”; “If I wake up before the sun and wake up at midnight, then I’ll crush the mountain. ”

What is artistic style of speech?

In the process of using language in various spheres of public life, its functional varieties have been formed, differing in their tasks, characteristic features, genres and choice of linguistic means.

Among the book styles of speech that are in demand in science, politics, business relations and everyday communication, a special place is occupied by the artistic style of speech, which is used in verbal creativity.

Its originality is manifested in the direct impact on the reader’s feelings, thoughts and worldview with the help of created artistic images.

The artistic style of speech is used to depict the subject in such a way as to most fully convey feelings, impressions and evoke empathy for the characters of the work.

Definition

The artistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language that affects the reader’s feelings with the help of artistic images.

Here is the definition of what an artistic style of speech in literature is, given by Wikipedia:

Definition

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination, psyche and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

Litotes

Litota - trope; figurative expression; an understatement that emphasizes the lack of strength or weakening of the significance of some phenomenon.

Functions of litotes

emphasizing the insignificance of a phenomenon;
creation of special expressiveness;
achieving a comic or satirical effect.

Examples:

“I have lived a hundred lives without you, And I was with you only for a moment ”; “I go outcast, homeless and poorer than the last poor. ”

Features of the artistic style

1) The unity of communicative and aesthetic functions is a characteristic feature of the artistic style of speech.

In a work of art, words play a dual role. On the one hand, they perform their direct nominative function, naming the object or phenomenon that is narrated in the work of art. On the other hand, words serve as a means of creating an artistic image that evokes a certain emotional and aesthetic response in the reader.

2) Depending on the subject of the image and the task of the writer, the linguistic means of various speech styles are intertwined in a work of art. If the artist turned to depicting the problems of workers in the field of science, the action takes place within the walls of a research institute or laboratory, then his characters speak the language of science, use many terms and phrases characteristic of the scientific style of speech.

Often the author resorts to a colloquial style of speech to display the speech of the characters as a means of characterizing them.

3) In fiction, figurative and expressive means of speech are widely used: tropes and stylistic figures.

4) The presence of the author’s artistic image is felt in the work.

The author expresses himself using all the richness of the Russian literary language to convey to the reader his thoughts, reasoning and his point of view about the phenomenon or character of the work. The author's creative individuality is manifested in the choice of words and phrases, the construction of syntactic structures and the special intonation of the narrator. These means create the unique author's style of a work of art. This is how the reader distinguishes the artistic style of the works of A.P. Chekhov and F.M. Dostoevsky, Jack London and Ernest Hemingway.

Metaphor

Metaphor - trope; figurative expression; hidden comparison.

Usually expressed through a noun or verb.

For ease of understanding, we advise you to transform the proposed expression with a noun into a comparison (Golden, ripe fruits - fruits like gold), this way you will accurately define the metaphor. If the comparison (specifically with a noun) fails, then you made a mistake.

Functions of metaphor

increased imagery;
creation of special expressiveness.

Examples:

“ The seething cauldron of the universe ” (the universe is like a seething cauldron); “And the sun’s yellow swords pierced the first hour of midday” (the rays of the sun are like yellow swords); “ The forest is full of silence . And yellow leaves. Flocks of birds left nature: the concert hall was left without artists ” (the forest as a concert hall); “Today there was a wonderful rain – Silver carnation with a diamond head ” (rain like a carnation)

Literature and censorship: tricks of Russian classics

Russian writers used allegory to circumvent censorship. You can especially often find this technique in the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, who interacted with his reader, hiding the true meaning from the censors. The fairy tale “The Wise Minnow” is very rich in artistic terms - it shows not only the desire to deceive censors, but also to reveal the essence of some life phenomena.

Drawing the image of a “small fish,” pitiful and cowardly, the writer perfectly reflected the essence of another man in the street. The apt characterization hits the mark, illustrating the breed of petty and worthless citizen through the minnow.

Endowing fish with human qualities , Saltykov-Shchedrin in his work touches on the philosophical problem of finding the meaning of life and the purpose of man.

Another example of allegory is the poem “Dead Souls”, where a hidden meaning is hidden even in the names of the characters - Sobakevich, Plyushkin. In this work there is a whole allusive world, showing the whole of Russia in cross-section, along with its vices and shortcomings.

The way of life of the time in which Gogol lived is described very figuratively - just look at the allegorical world of peasants who died or escaped from their masters! This world seems to be contrasted with the world of the living, thereby emphasizing the poverty of the morals of the main characters.

There are also many works in foreign literature that use allegory. For example, Dante depicted human passions in the form of animals in his Divine Comedy:

panther - sensuality;
Leo - pride and ambition;
she-wolf - greed.

Medieval oriental poetry is also full of allegories - Alisher Navoi in “Seven Planets” talks about love and at the same time, in an allegorical form, denounces the rulers of that time. Sultan Hussein-Merza and his courtiers are subjected to veiled criticism - the author exposes tyranny, greed, ignorance and cruelty using allegorical literary means.

Thus , allegory is a way to give a work brightness , originality, expressiveness and originality. Through a hidden hint, you can express the idea more clearly and the image more colorful, which is not always possible when using conventional storytelling.

Metonymy

Metonymy - trope; figurative expression; replacing one word or expression with another based on similar meanings.

Functions of metonymy

noticeable shortening of the author's thoughts;
increased expressiveness.

Examples:

“ Egypt went home ” (not Egypt, but the inhabitants of Egypt); “Tormented by the madness of Melpomene , in this life I thirst only for peace...” (not by Melpomene herself, but by the tragedy played in the theater (Melpomene is the muse of tragedy)). “ No one will offend the Field of Gaia “If not on silver, I ate on gold ” (not on gold in the literal sense, but on dishes made of gold); “ Watercolor in the grip of an old baguette seemed dull ” (baguette - frame made of baguette); “ Hearing the smell of foam ” (foamy is alcohol).

Features of artistic style

In addition to the direct impact on the reader, this style of speech has an aesthetic function aimed at developing a sense of beauty in the reader or listener. The aesthetic function is especially clearly manifested in poetic creativity.

The forest drops its crimson headdress, The frost turns the withered field silver, The day appears, as if against its will, And disappears over the edge of the surrounding mountains.

A. S. Pushkin. October 19.

In just a few lines, the artist masterfully paints a visible picture of late autumn and conveys to the reader a feeling of sadness caused by the withering of nature.

The lines describing the onset of spring and the rebirth of nature evoke an aesthetic feeling. Let's observe how figuratively and emotionally the author depicted the birth of a spring stream:

The handsome snowdrift, sparkling with blue sparks in the sun, darkened. A thin black coating appeared on it. The snowdrift began to settle, changing shape, became covered with a fragile ice crust, the crust cracked and broke. The snowdrift settled and settled and became small, ugly, all black, and a thin transparent stream flowed from under it. A stream flowed through the yard, made a channel in the ice and ran out of the gate. And there a wide stream was already flowing, curling over the icy rapids. A small stream flowed into a large stream and rushed with it to the river. Thick icicles hanging from the roofs melted in the sun, the drops falling from them hit the ice loudly, and throughout the streets the drops sang the song of spring (V. Panova).

So, artistic style has three functions:

aesthetic function
impact function
communicative function.

The aesthetic function is manifested

The influence function is realized Its goal is the reader’s reaction, a live response.

The communicative function is the interaction of the author with the reader. With the help of artistic means and images, the author strives to share with the reader his point of view, thoughts, feelings, and life experiences.

The functions of artistic style are strongly interconnected.

Artistic style has characteristic features that distinguish it from other styles of speech.

Oxymoron

Oxymoron (Oxymoron) - trope; figurative expression; connection of two contradictory meanings; connection of the incompatible.

Functions of an oxymoron

focusing readers' attention;
unusual reflection of feelings;
expresses the thoughts of the poet/lyrical character about the presented phenomenon

Examples:

“He lies to you so richly and so poorly !”; “ The eternal moment ”; “ I ask the beggar for bread , I give to the rich for poverty , ... I hand over the key to the robber , I blush the pallor with whitewash .”; “Even then there was no place ! Even then on earth there was a home for me everywhere .”; “And in my eyes there is always Hot snow , bloody snow”

The role of the trope in a work of fiction

Paths serve not only to clarify details, signs and other characteristics of a phenomenon. They, as artistic means, reveal the peculiarities of the creative thinking of the author of the work, who, with the help of various tropes, achieves a figurative picture of the surrounding world. To clearly explain this, let us remember how in his “Notes on Art” the artist N. Zhukov wrote about the variety of ways of figuratively artistic embodiment of an object or object of reality:

How to convey in words the impression of a very fat person? We can say that he is disproportionately fat. You can say it differently: he could hardly move. Or: I had difficulty entering the door. Or again: he was so thick that he resembled a ball. You can determine the thickness by saying that the person was short, he weighed 130 kg. There are hundreds of ways to determine body build. But here’s how convincingly the feeling of a full body can be conveyed through a detail: he was so fat that his cheeks were visible from his back. And you immediately feel how ordinary the previous examples were and how sharp the artist’s eye was, capturing the main thing in the image of the person standing in front of him.

As we can see, the artistic trope (he was so thick that his cheeks were visible from behind his back) helped the author create a visible and vivid image. With its help, the essence of the phenomenon is succinctly conveyed.

The use of tropes gives the phenomenon being described that meaning, a new shade of meaning that the author needs in a given speech situation, and also conveys his personal assessment of the phenomenon .

Personification

Personification - trope; figurative expression; endowing inanimate objects with the properties of animate ones (the ability to think, speak, feel and act).

Impersonation functions

increased imagery;
creating expressiveness;
reflection of the author's position through the choice of associative series.

Examples:

“For the first time , the moon these chains and trembling... Sculpts a bust not sculpted by anyone”; “Spring, I’m from the street, where the poplar is surprised , Where the distance is afraid , Where the house is afraid to fall ,”; “And the streets of ancient Prague are silent , winding one another, But they play like ravines .” “Turning its face to the south, the Pine squints in the sun .”

Periphrase

Periphrase - trope; figurative expression; replacing the name of a phenomenon or the name of a person by describing their essential features or indicating their characteristic features.

Paraphrase functions

designation of a person, phenomenon, object;
expression of the author's position;
richness of speech by avoiding repetition.

Examples:

“Here the horde followed the horde. Bringing fire and chains !” (fire and chains - war); “So to speak, a slave of honor ... struck down by a bullet...” (slave of honor - Pushkin); “ The Volga Stronghold , But the blind huts cannot be helped” (Volzhskaya Stronghold - Volgograd)

Genres of artistic style of speech

Works of fiction describe a variety of events and phenomena of ancient and modern times. In accordance with this, the genre range of the artistic style is quite wide. The artistic style of speech is used in prose, poetry, dramatic art and is realized in them in the form of genres:

story, short story, tale, novel, epic;
poem, epigram, ode, fable, romance, poem;
drama, tragedy, comedy, farce.

Substyles and genres of artistic style

*Epic* (storylines are described). A. Kuprin. Emerald (story).	Fairy tale Tale Story	Novel Feature article Novella
*Lyrical* (the author’s thoughts, feelings, experiences of the characters). A. Fet. Evening (poem).	Oh yeah Fable Poem	Sonnet Epigram
*Dramatic* (the presence of the author is not felt, much attention is paid to dialogues and the interaction of characters). M. Gorky. At the bottom (drama).	Drama Farce	Comedy Tragedy
*Combined* (combination of styles). A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The GULAG Archipelago (artistic journalism).	Artistic journalism	Drama extravaganza

Repeat

Repetition is a trope; figurative expression; partial or complete repetition of a word, expression, line.

Repeat functions

sound recording enhancement;
strengthening the quality of an object, phenomenon;
emphasis on quantity, duration;
achieving emotional impact.

Examples:

“ Trucks sleep cranes sleep “And spins , we, the stars, and the whole ocean spins round and round .”; “But don’t be angry with me , Nadya, and don’t be angry with me , Martha.”; " We are Russians. We are children of the Volga."

Synecdoche

Synecdoche - trope; figurative expression; replacing the singular with the plural and vice versa; the name of the part instead of the whole.

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy.

Functions of synecdoche

saturation of speech by avoiding repetition;
increased imagery;
demonstration by the author of his skill in choosing associations / demonstration of his skill

Examples:

“Working with our elbows, we ran” (elbows instead of elbows); “We all look at Napoleons” (we all want to be known as Napoleon); “The waters flowed quietly. The beetle was buzzing.." (beetle instead of beetle); “And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced” (the French rejoiced, and not just the Frenchman).

Varieties of Tropes

All techniques with the help of which the meaning of the written text is enhanced are conventionally divided into 2 large groups: lexical and syntactic.

The first category is formed by tropes - familiar words with a figurative meaning.

Writers and poets often use this means, exaggerating some properties of an object or endowing it with uncharacteristic features.

Pushkin often did this, which is why his poems contain allegories, exaggerations, parcellations and many other figures.

The left side provides a brief definition of the term, and the right side contains possible uses.

Examples taken from poetry (excerpts), everyday speech, advertising and social slogans.

An epithet is an emotionally charged adjective used in a figurative meaning, often used in poetry.	Examples of epithets: golden time, cheerful blossoming of trees, young spring, winged swing, fluffy snow, velvet season, gray morning, heated argument, soft voice.
Personification is giving an inanimate object characteristics characteristic of living beings.	Personification in literature: an angry blizzard, harsh rocks, an enthusiastic spring, surprised forget-me-nots, a sad willow, a laughing sea, a crazy wind, a gentle sun.
Metaphor is an expressive device in which the described object is endowed with the characteristics of another. The means is realized using a word or a figure of speech.	The forest is burning crimson, icy hands, goosebumps, a lacy shadow, a silver stream, the fire of desire is burning.
Comparison - reflects the similarity between two objects, and it may not be obvious.	Examples: water like glass; the blizzard howls like a wolf; snowflakes like fluff; hum, like from a barrel; work is not a wolf, hunger is not an aunt (negative comparison).
Metonymy - the meaning of this literary device is that it isolates a sign or characteristic feature, naming the object with the word it replaces. Example: a part instead of a whole, an object instead of what is in it.	The bucket spilled, eat 3 plates, the hand of Moscow, the kettle boiled, the audience applauded, live to see gray hairs.
Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy, often used in advertising and poetry.	Examples: the Frenchman rejoices; the Swede stabs and chops; first racket; save your penny; wave of discounts; the collection is waiting for buyers; victory over the microbe.
Irony is the use of a word or phrase in the opposite, mocking meaning. Evil irony is sarcasm.	Usage in everyday speech and literature: smart head - about a stupid person; I've been dreaming all my life - actually not; my mansions are about a modest home; what beauty - about some incident; the color of the capital is about unpleasant people; our benefactor is about a bribe-taker.
Grotesque is a complex technique that combines metaphor and hyperbole.	Examples of the grotesque in literature: Gulliver and the Lilliputians, Gogol’s “The Nose,” the dreams of Raskolnikov and Tatyana Larina. The essence of the technique is to bring a situation, phenomenon or human vice to the point of absurdity.

Comparison

Comparison is a trope; figurative expression; comparison of one object/phenomenon with another.

Usually, comparison is achieved with the help of conjunctions like, so, exactly, as if, like, that, as if, etc.

Comparison functions

creating richness of speech;
creation of special expressiveness.

Examples:

“I am leaving the bottomless, as if there is a bottom to something”: “My perceptions are still washing over me like streams ”; “You looked at me, as if encouraging me ”; “I lived like a stupid puppy ”; “And the plows and plows float, silver, along the ax, like seagulls in the morning...”

Syntactic means of expression

These devices are called stylistic or rhetorical figures. They are designed to make the presentation more vivid, rich and give it imagery. Thanks to special designs, the narrative acquires the desired emotional coloring. This makes it easier for a writer or poet to convey a creative idea to the reader.

Ancient orators perceived figures as decoration, unusual for everyday speech. Modern philologists are inclined to believe that stylistic devices are part of language; without them it is impossible to imagine even everyday communication, and not just literary works.

Theoretically, figures and tropes in the Russian language are different categories, but it is not always possible to distinguish between them. It happens that, based on some characteristics, a remedy can be classified into both categories.

Simplified, it can be divided as follows: trope is one word, figure is a phrase, but there are many exceptions.

Since there are several schools of grammar, the ways of classifying figures also differ. You can take as a basis the one you like best - this will not be a violation of language norms.

The classic method of grouping involves dividing into the following groups:

figures of words;
figures of thought.

Funds are divided within each group.

Word figures

The difference between this syntactic device is the invariance of the structure.

The phrase is used in one form.

If you change, remove or add any word, the contextual meaning will be distorted or lost.

List of frequently used figures:

Addition. Repeating one word several times for emphasis. Parts of speech are selected carefully, otherwise it will not be possible to achieve the desired effect. Application option: “Higher, and higher, and higher.”
Pleonasm. The use of a number of synonyms - lexemes that are close or identical in meaning. Example: “He kisses and kisses him.”
Ellipsis. Omitting unimportant tokens. When speaking of “champagne,” it is customary to dispense with the word “wine,” and when thinking about Olivier, it never occurs to anyone to clarify that we are talking about salad.
Allegory. They are used when it is necessary to convey the meaning allegorically, for example, to point out vices without denoting them. Thus, a donkey is called a fool, a fox is a cunning person, and a wolf is a greedy person. The master of metaphorical turns was I. A. Krylov.
Prolepsis. The visual medium is implemented in two ways. 1 - the upcoming event is told as if it had already happened. 2 - both the object and the pronoun referring to it are called, for example: “Petrov is a famous quitter.”
Decrease. Deliberate omission of one of the members of a sentence. Examples: “Party decisions - put into practice!”, “Five-Year Plan - in 4 years!” There is a dash in place of missing words. During Soviet times, diminution was used when composing slogans. Now this figure is in demand when it is necessary to artistically emphasize solemnity.

Complex rhetorical devices

To apply some shapes, you need to be a real master of the pen. Many Russian writers and journalists have mastered such constructions to perfection, so their works evoke the whole gamut of emotions. Complex stylistic devices:

Rearrangement. Violation of the accepted sequence of lexemes, inversion. The goal is to give the desired color. In the usual sequence, the statement can be neutral. It, if inversion is applied, becomes solemn, mocking or sarcastic. Example: “We will soon receive an answer” - “We will receive an answer soon” - “We will receive an answer soon.”
Gradation. Enhancing expressiveness by using multiple words in sequence with increasing meaning. Options: “I’ll find, catch up, finish off, torture!”, “Ready to tear to pieces, crush, destroy.” The gradation can be ascending or descending. This is the case when a linguistic device can be represented by a word figure and a speech pattern. The second is used in "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish." The old woman went from a poor peasant woman to a free queen - this is an ascending, expanded gradation.
Polysyndeton. The same conjunctions are used, usually consisting of one letter, for example, “and rain, and snow, and wind.” The medium helps the author to enhance the meaning.
Aposiopesis. Intentional omission to create intrigue when there is a hidden meaning, but pointing it out directly is undesirable. Often indicated by ellipses, in place of which the reader can substitute a word or conclusion. “If we don’t start doing better, then...”
Alliteration. Represents the deliberate frequent use of identical consonant letters. Mayakovsky often used this technique, for example: “Beat, drum!” Drum, drum!” (political verse).

Rare designs

The difference between these techniques is that with their help it is best possible to make a statement pathetic, solemn, or emphasize officialdom.

Sometimes used to color a statement with a mocking tone.

Stylistic means:

Rest assured. A construction in which several heterogeneous additions refer to one control member of the sentence: “He loved cats and a hearty meal.”
Kyklos. A ring structure in which 2 identical words are repeated. Options: “Comrades, let’s go out, don’t stop, comrades!”, “A rally that did not lead to results is not a rally.”
Homeotelevton. A figure based on sound repetition and rhythm. Often used for advertising purposes. “Your pussy would buy...” - seeing or hearing this phrase, a person will remember the name of a popular cat food. Rhyme has become a common device used in everyday discourse.
Chiasmus. An expression that can be conditionally divided into left and right parts, and they are symmetrical relative to each other. A chiasmus can be simple, syntactically complex, or a chiastic pun. In the latter case, the meaning of the words changes. “Live to eat, not eat to live.” “We forget what we want to remember, and we remember what we want to forget.” “Below is the power of darkness, and above is the darkness of power.”
Isocolon. Represents full parallelism. In two or more phrases, only one word is changed, and the rest are repeated in the same order. Another option is to change the words, but maintain the order of the parts of speech. Examples: “I walk through meadows, I walk through forests,” “I swaddled myself in thin diapers, and put on warm boots.”
Parentesa. A stylistic device based on the use of introductory elements. Examples: “This girl (we met her by chance at the exhibition) turned out to be an interesting conversationalist,” “You must be tired.”
Litota (understatement). The technique is used by poets, writers, as well as journalists and diplomats when they need to say something in a roundabout way. Methods of implementation can be different - from diminutive forms of adjectives to the creation of complex constructions. Examples: “The rebels are trying to show that they are not very happy with the new laws,” “The mayor bought a small castle.”

Speech patterns

Speech patterns, or figures of thought, form a separate group of syntactic means of artistic expression.

They are divided into positive, used to achieve the desired effect, and negative, which make speech dissonant, illogical, or endow it with other shortcomings.

Types of syntactic means:

a rhetorical question;
exclamation;
appeal;
oxymoron.

An example of a rhetorical question: “Petya, why did you break the vase?” Exclamation: “What a wonderful summer!” Appeal: “Oh, Motherland, Oh, My Rus'!”

Examples of using an oxymoron: a living corpse, hot snow, sad joy, sweet bitterness, a bad good person.

It is necessary to distinguish between an oxymoron and stylistic constructions that emphasize properties that are uncharacteristic of the object.

For example: sweet torment (for some they may be like that), bitter honey (when the product has a bitter taste). According to some classifications, silence (aposiopesis) is also classified as figures of thought.