Where to begin?
Any example of public speaking begins with proper speech preparation. No matter how wonderful the speaker’s text may seem, you need to understand that behind it lies remarkable work and long hours of practice.
Every successful example of public speaking begins with preparing the speech. It was not for nothing that Mark Twain once said that it takes about three weeks to prepare an impromptu. Any performance, regardless of its type and intended purpose, must be prepared in advance. First you need to make the so-called “skeleton” of the performance. To do this, you need to decide on the following positions:
- Understand the motivation of the people who came to listen to the speech.
- Determine the main idea of the speech.
- Divide this idea into several components (subheadings).
- Identify keywords. They will need to be repeated several times in the speech so that the listeners better remember what is actually being discussed.
- Every speech should have a clear plan and structure. The speech should consist of an introduction, main part and conclusions.
Information speech
1. General characteristics of informational speech. The leading principles of creating informational speech.
2. Content-structural features of informational speech.
3. Genres of informational speech.
4. Techniques for popularizing scientific information.
1. Informational speech is a speech whose main purpose is to convey information about the subject of speech. Ideally, the speaker should not only provide new insight into the subject of speech, but also awaken curiosity in the listeners. This can be achieved by meeting 2 requirements:
1) the speech should be interesting;
2) speech must be clear.
The leading principles of creating informational speech are
1. The principle of the speaker’s “reserve knowledge”. Maximum awareness of the issue under discussion provides the speaker with freedom in presenting the material. The author of the speech prepares a significantly larger amount of material than will be included in the informational speech. This should be done both for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the issue by the speaker himself and in case questions arise in the audience during the presentation. It is also important to contact not one, but several sources, which will make the coverage of the issue more objective. Before the performance, you need to decide which material will be voiced in the audience and which will remain in reserve.
2. The principle of rigidity in the selection of covered facts means that the given facts, figures, names, dates, examples, quotes must be
· verified;
· appropriate,
· arousing interest and satisfying the needs of listeners,
· sufficient.
3. The principle of the relationship between the known and the new. This is the basic didactic principle: learning something new is impossible without relying on the known. Elements of the old and the new are compared through comparisons and contrasts; the new becomes clear against the background of the known old. (For example, a Russian language lesson on the rules for isolating definitions is unlikely to be effective without repeating what a definition is, which definition is called an application, which word order is direct for phrases with an attributive extender). The speaker deepens the knowledge of the listeners by discovering new aspects in the subject or phenomenon being studied. If the topic is old, it is developed in connection with new facts and pressing interests. If the topic is new and unusual, it is developed based on well-known facts and everyday experience.
4. The principle of reflecting the dynamics of thinking in oratory. All other things being equal, attention is directed to what is in motion. This is true not only for physical movement, but also for imaginary movement. Even movement as a transition from one thought to another can in itself determine interest in them. Listeners feel the need for an orderly, progressive development of ideas that is accessible to their understanding.
The dynamics of thinking are reflected in speech: a) in the form of a consistent, logical chain of questions and answers;
questions can be directly formulated or implied - it is important that they themselves arise in the minds of the listeners; b) with the help of speech means of emphasized logic - indicators of the sequence of subtopics and conclusion: one more question, the next point, then, I move on to the question about ..., besides;
firstly, first, first question, first moment, first feature; secondly, secondly, second question, another point, another feature, in addition, finally, and lastly; so, therefore, thus, for, and therefore , etc.
Muscles
Once the speaker has decided on the basic structure of his speech, it is necessary to build muscle on this “skeleton”. What could they consist of?
- You can use vivid examples from life or literature, the main thing is that they correspond to the main topic.
- To help the listener visually consolidate the information received, it is worth preparing graphs, slides, pictures, videos, etc.
- You can ask the audience a question during the speech, this will help keep the audience's attention on the main topic.
Information speech
As an example of an informational speech that is of an official nature, let us consider the features of the preparation and content of the reporting report.
The main target audiences for the presentation of the report may be shareholders, partners and clients, investors, company employees, and media representatives.
The content of the reporting report must correspond to the content of the annual report, because the reporting report is prepared on the basis of the annual report.
In recent years, the practice of using annual reports has been applied not only by commercial structures. Many non-profit organizations also use the annual report as the main document providing information about their activities.
As informational speeches that are not of a formal (official) nature, one can consider the speeches of the manager at various intra-organizational meetings and meetings, incl. and those that he pronounces to employees on the eve of the New Year, the day the company was founded, etc.
In order to have the necessary impact on the audience, an informal speech must:
— be relevant to listeners;
— satisfy their information requests;
— contain specific factual material;
— show unresolved issues;
— outline development prospects, etc.;
- contain no more than two or three sections (points of the plan), i.e. be brief.
One of the means of increasing the information content of a message and increasing the attention of the public is to present known material in a new aspect, presenting it from an unusual perspective for a given audience.
It is worth highlighting this type of informational speeches, such as reports and messages at scientific events - symposiums, scientific and scientific-practical conferences, industry seminars , etc. Obviously, the need to speak at scientific events arises mainly if the leader heads a scientific institution or a company that operates in the field of innovation.
The report may be devoted to the proposal of a new approach or method for solving an actual problem, an unusual aspect of considering a known problem, etc.
Structurally, the report can be divided into four parts, each of which represents an independent semantic block, but in general they should be logically interconnected[5].
At the beginning of the report, you need to list all the co-authors who took part in the work on the topic stated in the title of the report.
The first part of the report contains a description of the scientific problem, a statement of the goals and objectives of the research, as well as a listing of the methods that were involved in the research process.
The second, largest part of the report describes in detail the research conducted, its stages, and especially the final results. This part of the report requires the presentation of observational results, numerical calculations, comparisons with data from other scientific studies, comparison of experimental data with theoretical calculations, etc.
In the final part of the report, it is necessary to show what the scientific novelty of the content of the work is - in other words, what is new and significant, which constitutes the scientific and practical value of this research and the personal contribution of the speaker.
When presenting illustrative material, it is necessary to indicate on the basis of which sources they were compiled and provide a rationale for their use.
For short speeches , the duration of which is 10-20 minutes, it is advisable to choose a different sequence of presentation of the material.
In this case, the speech must be built according to the following plan:
- start the speech with the title, authors and a brief description of the problem;
— give the main result;
— list the most important aspects of the research;
— summarize the data and outline the prospects for further work.
According to some experts in the field of rhetoric, there are professional characteristics of the perception of information that are important to consider when preparing the text of a speech.
Introductory part
Particular attention should be paid to the beginning and end of the speech. They play the main role in communication between the speaker and the listener. The introduction helps to form a first impression of the speaker, and the summary allows the audience to consolidate the information received.
While preparing your speech, many questions may arise. For example, how to start a public speech? The main thing here is to interest the audience from the very beginning. The first impression of the speaker will accompany him throughout the entire speech, and if you make a mistake, it will be difficult to correct it later.
For example, the introduction to a public speech could be a witty joke or some interesting fact. You can puzzle the audience with a question or intrigue with a pause. The main thing is to attract attention. Just don’t start apologizing for the fact that your voice is hoarse, this is your first speech, etc. The speaker should always be confident in himself, and turn every trouble to his aid. For example, if the speaker is really sick, you should not apologize, but say that due to such and such circumstances, I ask everyone to sit closer so that I can be heard.
Full text of the public speech
Each person has his own Path - the path that he chooses and follows throughout his life. My path - my conscious choice - is working with children. This choice. was made by me at a fairly mature age. Because at the beginning of my life’s journey I took the wrong path. I always knew that my calling was to work with children, sometimes I even think: “Or maybe it was not I who chose this profession, but it, for a long time, patiently and persistently chose me?” And therefore, in my opinion, the task of every teacher is to show each child his path at the beginning of his life’s journey.
Therefore, the topic of my speech is “The Teacher in My Understanding.” Stereotypes have developed in our society regarding the teaching profession. It is very difficult, almost impossible, to break stereotypes, and we will not do this. But any seemingly truism can be questioned, and you can try to improve it. The first truism is true. A teacher is a person who, first of all, is an example to follow. And I wouldn’t want children to imitate me in everything. I want everyone to grow up to be a bright, unique personality. So that everyone has their own individuality so that they can develop their potential. So that everyone becomes a bright, special star in life. Only such people are capable of creating something, creating something, and will be able to make our lives better. The second truism is true. My favorite teacher is my second mother. Is the ideal woman. I don't quite agree with this definition. There is no need for a teacher to become a second mother. A person has only one mother, there is no need to try to replace her. This has been proven by life. Not everyone's mothers are perfect, and yet children love them for who they are. How many children who grew up in an orphanage are looking for their mother, and are happy to accept her as a far from ideal woman. The third truism is true. If you give children and adults the task of writing down what qualities are most important in a teacher? Everyone will write: love for children and kindness. Agree that it is incredibly rare to find teachers who hate children who are evil and harmful. I was also a child, and all my teachers were kind, everyone treated me well. And what I remember most of all was not the sweetest and kindest teacher, but in comparison with others, she was very strict and demanding. Because it was interesting to be with her! She was a creative, bright personality. And the life of our class was just as bright, rich, and unusual. We went on hikes, went on excursions, prepared cool evenings and baked pies ourselves, and set the tables for cool evenings. We painted wall newspapers, helped veterans, cleaned the paths near their houses. I can list endlessly. What else do you need in childhood? To make it interesting! The fourth truism. Most of us are inclined to believe that a teacher must, first of all, be an educated, competent professional. But for sure, you have at least once thought about why a competent teacher who knows the subject sometimes cannot teach children well. Taking into account the new standards of education, we set a completely new task for the teacher - to teach children to learn. So that they can and want to learn throughout their lives. Likewise, a teacher must be ready for constant, active self-improvement and self-renewal. Thus, there is no bar, no limit of professionalism and education at which one can stop. Today, students are required not only to have knowledge, but also to be active, proactive, and able to make decisions in any life situation. Teacher of the 21st century. What should he be like? His students are growing up in the Internet age. And we teachers must now become their companions in this space. The world around us has advanced at an incredibly fast pace in the field of information technology. And this feature should be used by the teacher of the 21st century!!! Thus, I tried to prove that a teacher of the 21st century, in the context of implementing a system-activity approach, must take into account the needs of the modern audience of students and their parents. My most important conditions for successful work are: not to be afraid to take responsibility, to be constantly searching, and not to give up if something doesn’t work out. I see this as my professional duty.
According to V. Sukhomlinsky, “A schoolchild does bad things not always because he is taught to do bad things, but most often because he is not taught to do good things.”
The teacher’s mission is special - the creation of personality. He must teach the little man to see the world of beauty, teach him compassion and mercy, kindness and love.
In my work I observe the following pedagogical commandments:
1. All children are talented, but each one has their own talent, and it must be found.
2. Be fair and consistent.
3. Teach the child to think independently.
4. Smile at children more often! A teacher’s smile creates a generally favorable psychological mood.
5. Show genuine interest in the child’s personality.
6. Take their questions and statements seriously.
I am not afraid to praise once again, even when the successes are very modest. This builds self-confidence in children and makes them want to take the next step. It is important for me that the child trusts me and maintains respect and appreciation.
Therefore, it is my firm belief that we are obliged to light up each child’s path, to guide him in the right direction, so that by the time they graduate, they have a clear idea of who they want to be in this life: a doctor or a teacher, to work in agriculture or to become a scientist-chemist, and so that they imitate me in only one thing: every day they go to their favorite job.
Types of public speaking
Examples of public speaking are divided into several types:
- Informational. For the most part, these are reports, lectures, and oral responses.
- Protocol and etiquette. Such speeches are used when welcoming important guests, making toasts, a funeral speech, or opening a new establishment.
- Entertaining. They are usually used for a good time, they have an entertaining context, but at the same time convey information. As an example, we can cite the performances of Russian pop comedians E. Petrosyan, E. Stepanenko, M. Zadornov and others.
- Persuasive speech. Such a report must have indisputable facts and evidence that will win the audience over to your side. Examples include speeches by famous politicians. For example, Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863, where he assured citizens that not a single soldier died in vain, and this is a necessary sacrifice on the path to freedom.
Get there in three minutes
In general, the audience's attention lasts only 15-20 minutes, this is due to psychophysiological reasons. Depending on the variety, oral presentations can last from a few minutes to 1-2 hours. However, there are also speeches that need to be delivered in 3 minutes. In most cases, these speeches are wedding toasts or press conferences. In total, the length of the speech should be between 200 and 405 words. Here is an example of a public speech for 3 minutes:
“Today the Dalai Lama gave a unique interview to a Russian blogger for the first time. For his YouTube channel, business blogger Dmitry Portnyagin was the first in the CIS to interview the Dalai Lama. Communication with the famous Buddhist took place in a Delhi hotel, where the monk often stays with his followers. Before communion began, the premises were checked twice: first by the Indian security, led by a Sikh, and then by His Holiness’s personal security.
The interview lasted only an hour. During this time, the conversation participants were able to discuss political problems, including questions of the competence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin and Putin. Predict the future of Russia, talk about material and spiritual values, mutual understanding between people and the secrets of success. Each question received a detailed answer. The Dalai Lama spoke openly and with humor. At the end, he gave some advice for entrepreneurs and talked about personal safety.
Dmitry Portnyagin did not remain indifferent during the conversation. He showed the Dalai Lama a photograph of his grandfather and said that a photograph of the Supreme Head of Tibet always hung in his office, so he also became interested in this topic. Saying goodbye to His Holiness, Dmitry gave the Dalai Lama a hat with earflaps as a souvenir. The monk immediately put on his new clothes and appeared in this form in front of the camera lenses. The full version of the interview can be viewed on the Transformer channel.
Features of informative speech
Features of informative speech
One of the main goals of communication is the transfer of information, therefore in all spheres of communication speech of an informational nature predominates.
It is well known that “the one who owns the information rules the world.” This is especially evident in modern society, which is called information society: possession of the necessary information allows you to make the right decisions, gain power, achieve greater influence in various fields, and more effectively influence people. Information is information that is the object of storage, processing and transmission. Let us emphasize that facts are not information in themselves, but only as an object of corresponding activity. It is generally accepted to divide information into logical , which is objective in nature, and emotional-evaluative , which expresses predominantly subjective meanings, assessments and relationships. At the same time, information by itself is not capable of influencing the thoughts, feelings and actions of people if it is not “built-in” into any system. Information always needs to be processed and “presented”. Information (from Latin informatio) is translated as presentation, interpretation, explanation, thereby emphasizing that information is always communicatively conditioned. It must be novel for the addressee: these may be facts previously unknown to him or a new interpretation of what is already known. An informational speech, like other speeches, requires that its topic, subject, and various aspects of that topic be related to the needs, interests, and level of understanding of the audience.
The main communicative goal of an informative speech is to provide new information about a particular subject, to awaken interest in the subject of speech. The features of an informative speech include: satisfying the needs of listeners to receive comprehensive information on this issue; awakening curiosity; relevance to a given audience; availability and analysis of specific facts; comparison of old and new, emphasizing the novelty of information.
At the same time, the genre of speech and the conditions of communication itself always determine some boundaries in time and volume for covering this or that information, and the specificity of any speech, and especially informational speech, is such that the statement must fully disclose the stated topic. Accordingly, the success of this type of speech largely depends on how relevant and interesting the subject of this speech will be for listeners.
In informational speech, to a greater extent than in other types of speeches, the laws of logic operate effectively both in the presentation of material and in its perception and processing. Thus, in an informative speech, a statement on a narrow and specific topic is always much more information-rich than on a broad and general topic. New information in informative speech is remembered much more effectively against the background of the known. Information that “fits” into the system existing in the minds of listeners is not only better assimilated, but also “grows” due to what has already been learned by everyone. In order to make it possible to process something new, information must be presented in “portions.”
What makes an informative speech more effective?
This means that for the success of an informative speech it is important that:
· the speaker had as accurate an idea as possible of the composition and interests of the audience and took them into account in the formulation of the topic and in the way of revealing its content;
· the problem posed had a solution and was within the competence of the audience;
· the new in speech coexisted with the old and stood out against the background of the known;
· new information would not be presented in isolation, as a separate fact, but as an element of the system;
· the information was well structured, “portioned” presentation of material would prevail.
Let us recall that in addition to this, the speaker must take into account what information is necessary for a given audience on a given topic and in accordance with other, sometimes equally important goals of the speech: to make the necessary accents, to interest, to show oneself well, to win in competition with other speakers and so on.
Such types of goals related to information, in varying proportions, are an integral component of any speech, but in some speech genres the information component becomes the leading one (message, comment, report, lecture, interview, etc.). These various genres are united by the fact that without “news”, that is, information, they do not exist, and that the various parameters of information in them always obey the corresponding postulates of Grice: quantity, quality of information, its relevance to the topic and method of presentation.
Amount of Information Postulate : “Speak in moderation” requires that an utterance should contain no less and no more information than is required to fulfill the current goals of the dialogue.
The postulate of information quality: “Try to make your statement true” dictates not to say what you consider false or what you do not have sufficient grounds for.
Attitude Postulate: “Stay on topic.” This postulate is very important, since it requires speaking only to the essence of the matter, avoiding unnecessary things in speech.
Postulate of the method. The general postulate is: “Express clearly,” and this first of all means: avoid unclear expressions, ambiguity, and unnecessary verbosity.
These postulates are valid not only in relation to informational speech, but also to any other. At the same time, the requirement remains not to be limited to listing events, facts (factual information), but to reveal an understanding of the relationships between these phenomena, facts, events (strive for the predominance of conceptual information in speech), and also to extract hidden meaning from the description of these facts, phenomena, events ( subtextual information). It is obvious that all elements of the text of an informational speech must be connected and interlocked with each other. In each text, as a rule, formal, external connections between individual parts of the text are detected, observable and described, but it is important that all elements of the text are integrated with the help of the most significant cause-and-effect relationships between its parts. One means of achieving this is through appropriate communication tactics.
Communication strategies and tactics of informative speech
The basic tactics of informative speech are most clearly manifested within the framework of the information-interpretive strategy, since in this case it is precisely the conceptual orientation in the presentation of information that prevails, which ensures the success of informing as a whole.
The features of the information and interpretation strategy are most clearly manifested in such a special type of interview as the “straight line”, in which major political figures take part.
“Direct Line” is a public question-and-answer dialogue between the addressee (TV viewers, readers) and a prominent political figure. As a rule, this dialogue takes place via telephone or live television cameras. V.V. uses this genre most effectively. Putin.
In the answers of V.V. Putin’s responses to the questions asked during the interview in the form of a “direct line” revealed the features of the information and interpretation strategy, which is typical for current politicians, since it helps to inform the population about the state of affairs, comment on certain events, and talk about the measures taken to solve existing ones. problems.
The study of materials from the speeches of the President of Russia, the Chairman of the State Duma, and the Chairman of the Federation Council allowed O.N. Parshina to identify the following tactics in their use of information-interpretive strategy: tactics of recognizing the existence of a problem, tactics of emphasizing positive information, tactics of clarification, tactics of commenting, tactics of considering the problem from a new angle of view and tactics of indicating the path to solving the problem. The tactic of acknowledging the existence of a problem is used, as a rule, in a response dialogue, when, regarding an issue affecting an “acute” problem, the politician uses verbal means of confirming this problem, recognizing that it exists, is taking place, is:
Such a problem exists (V.V. Putin) [Direct Line, 12/18/2001]; There are many arguments against hasty signing of the protocol (S.M. Mironov) [Literary Gaza, No. 9, 2004].
The tactic of emphasizing positive information is expressed explicitly through the use of words with positive evaluativeness. There are many of them in the texts of political leaders in power when they turn to demonstrating the successes in the economic and social spheres achieved under their leadership. For example, in the text of the introductory speech before answering questions from citizens V.V. Putin in the “straight line”:
This year was significant/record for them (agricultural workers) //yield per hundred hectares is a record //income growth has a steady trend since last year// we can say that the outgoing year / two thousand and one / was successful for us // [ “Direct Line”, 12/18/2001].
Other most common means of highlighting information are evaluation criteria such as “importance”, “main”, “main”, and the tactic of emphasizing positive information is always characterized by an expression of approval of the politician in relation to the reported facts.
Observations have shown that emphasizing positive information and relying on value priorities (the “good” criterion) are focused not only and not so much on the communication of information, but on the verbal impact on the addressee. A politician's interpretation of the realities of reality is often aimed at neutralizing the negative perception of the addressee.
Tactics of clarification are another necessary one, as O.N. emphasizes. Parshina, component of the implementation of the information and interpretation strategy. Clarification is necessary because the addresser must take into account the lack of necessary background knowledge of the interlocutor and therefore should not limit himself to a simple statement of fact, a simple assessment of information, but accompanies his answer or speech with additional information.
A characteristic feature of clarification is the presence of two main links in the chain: what needs to be clarified, and the clarification itself.
The first link of clarification may not always be expressed explicitly in the text, but it should be in the general field of view of the interlocutors.
Explanation often turns to the past: it is reported how it happened that a given state of affairs occurred. At the speech level, clarification tactics are implemented in this case by verbs in the past tense form:
As for teachers / this year we just made a decision / from the first of January it will come into force / in order to raise a number of issues in this area to the state level / to the level of the region of the Russian Federation on salaries and on the technical equipment of schools // (V.V. Putin) [Direct Line, 12/18/2001]. Close to the tactics of clarification is the tactic of commenting , represented by statements that explain the meaning of the context or some words, as well as statements and the concepts they express:
The uniqueness of Russia's position is determined by the decline in industrial production after 1990. It turns out that our obligations have already been fulfilled; greenhouse gas emissions in 2000 did not exceed 70 percent of the 1990 level. In other words, Russia has “soft” obligations, from which it follows that we are not required to reduce emissions below the level 1990, but we do not have the right to exceed them from 2008 to 2012 (SM. Mironov) [Literaturnaya Gazeta, No. 9, 2004].
Note that the functions of such expressions are not limited to commenting. Their tasks are much broader: structuring information, emphasizing attention, indicating that it is a dialogue that is taking place, and finally, speech influence in a broad sense.
In the implementation of commenting tactics, first of all, introductory words of various types play a big role: for example, truth, really, it means, apparently, etc.
Interpretation is also carried out using the tactics of viewing information from a new angle .
In this case, the speaker (addressee) wants to offer a new look at the problem under discussion, some new aspect of considering the problem, which (according to the super task) would force the addressee to reconsider previously made judgments:
I think that 7 years / is quite a bit long // There is another component of this problem / / You know, I also thought about this myself / and it turns out that we want to achieve stability by undermining the Basic Law of the state / the Constitution // As soon as we begin to rule the Constitution / this already the path to some kind of unstable situation // Once you start / then you won’t stop // ((V.V. Putin) [Answers to questions from trusted persons, 02/13/04].
The tactic of indicating the path to solving a problem is also specialized in the information-interpretive strategy. It involves the use of certain techniques: 1. Indication of possible solutions. For example: ...at the same time, the state / and of course RAO UES, first of all the government ... intends to implement a number of programs / that will develop this area ... we need to adapt the health care system, as well as the education system ... to new conditions (V.V. Putin ) ["Direct Line", 12/18/2001]. 2. An indication of possible ways to achieve a solution. For example: The funded part of the pension will function as follows // Today, enterprises and institutions contribute fifteen percent / next year only two percent will go to the funded part // I repeat! This will happen in stages/quarterly// Thus, the information and interpretation strategy is implemented through the use of various communication tactics, which together demonstrates the readiness of politicians in power to dialogue with citizens, and characterizes these politicians themselves as rhetoricians who speak a variety of effective speech means, which means they are able to provide the necessary speech impact, including in informational speech.
Informational speech is the basis of other types of speech in various situations, therefore, having mastered the ability to present information in accordance with the goals and characteristics of the communicative situation, it will be easier to achieve success in all types of speeches.
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus Brest State University named after. A. S. Pushkina
Essay
“Features of informative speech”
Performed:
student of group 22 of the Faculty of Psychology and Education Natalya Stribulevich
Brest 2008
Suitable or not?
This sample public speaking text follows all the rules. Such a short speech fully reveals the topic of the video presentation on the YouTube channel. It tells about the participants, the location of the interview, the questions that were raised and the general mood that was present during the conversation.
At the end of the press release, the speaker invites listeners to watch the full version of the video. Although the ending can be supplemented with one more sentence or two, saying that the interview turned out to be successful and informative for everyone.
Alexander I
To be effective, speech must be precise and expressive. And these may not always be large amounts of text. You can get your point across with a few strong sentences and vivid comparisons. For example, Alexander I’s public speech to the French ambassadors even before the start of the war sounded as follows:
“Here is small Europe, and this is big Russia (he shows all this on the map). In case of failure, you can retreat only to Paris, and I can run to the edge of Kamchatka! But at the same time, every meter of this land will be hostile to you, even the women will not stop fighting. Russia may lose some battles, but it will never be defeated.”
To say that the ambassadors left under the impression is an understatement. An example of the text of a public speech by Tsar Alexander I amazes readers today. There is not a drop of arrogance here, just facts served with the right “sauce.”
The best speeches of great speakers - examples of texts
An excerpt from the famous speech Joseph Brodsky gave at the stadium in December 1988 to graduates of the University of Michigan. Then critics considered it “inappropriate”, “politically incorrect”, and some even managed to see racism in it. But Brodsky is beyond prejudice, time and space.
1. Focus on the precision of your language. Try to expand your vocabulary and treat it like you treat your bank account. Pay a lot of attention to it and try to increase your dividends.
The goal is to enable you to express yourself as fully and accurately as possible. In short, the goal is your balance. For the accumulation of unspoken, unspoken things can lead to neurosis.
You don't have to become a bookworm to avoid this. You just need to buy a dictionary and read it every day, and sometimes read books of poetry. They are quite cheap, but even the most expensive among them cost much less than one visit to a psychiatrist.
2. Try to be kind to your parents. If this sounds too much like “Honor thy father and thy mother,” then I apologize. All I'm saying is, try not to rebel against them, for in all likelihood they will die before you, so you can spare yourself at least this source of guilt, if not grief.
If you need to rebel with all this I-won't-take-a-penny-from-you, rebel against those who are not so easily hurt. Parents are too close a target (just like brothers, sisters, wives or husbands). The distance is such that you cannot miss.
3. Try not to rely too much on politicians. Not so much because they are unintelligent or dishonest, as is most often the case, but because of the scale of their work, which is too great even for the best among them. They can somewhat reduce social evil, but not eradicate it. No matter how significant an improvement may be, from an ethical point of view it will always be negligible, because there will always be those—at least one person—who will not benefit from the improvement.
The world is imperfect. There never was and never will be a golden age. In the light of this - or rather in the darkness - you must rely on your own home cooking, that is, manage the world yourself. But even within the confines of your own pie, you should prepare yourself for the fact that you will, in all likelihood, have to taste gratitude and disappointment in equal measure.
4. Try to be modest. There are already too many of us - and very soon there will be many more. This climb for a place in the Sun necessarily occurs at the expense of others. Just because you have to step on someone's toes doesn't mean you have to stand on their shoulders. So, if you want to become rich, or famous, or both, by all means, don't give it your all.
Always remember that there is always someone next to you - your neighbor. Nobody is asking you to love him, but try not to bother him too much or hurt him. At worst, try to remember from how far away - from the stars, from the depths of the Universe, perhaps from its opposite end - the request not to do this came, as well as the idea to love your neighbor as yourself.
5. Avoid at all costs ascribing victim status to yourself. No matter how disgusting your situation may be, try not to blame external forces for it: history, state, bosses, race, parents, phase of the moon, childhood, untimely potty training - the menu is extensive and boring.
The moment you place blame on something, you undermine your own resolve to change anything and increase the vacuum of irresponsibility that demons and demagogues love to fill, for a paralyzed will is no joy for angels.
In general, try to respect life not only for its delights, but also for its difficulties. They are part of the game, and the good thing about them is that they are not cheating. Whenever you are in despair or on the verge of despair, when you are in trouble or difficulty, remember: it is life that speaks to you in the only language it knows well.
6. Know how to forgive. The world we have entered does not have a good reputation. It's not a nice place, as you'll soon discover, and I doubt it'll be much nicer by the time you leave it.
However, this is the only world available: there is no alternative, and even if there was one, there is no guarantee that it would be much better than this one. Therefore, try not to pay attention to those who will try to make your life miserable. There will be many of them, both in official positions and self-appointed ones.
What your enemies do gains its meaning or importance from how you react to it. So rush through or past them as if they were a yellow light rather than a red light. This will relieve your brain cells from useless stimulation. Change the channel: You can't stop broadcasting this network, but you can at least reduce its ratings.
Steve Jobs
A striking example of modern oratory are the speeches of Steve Jobs. Public speaking was definitely not his strong point - it was just a hobby, but he began every presentation of a new product with his own speech. Examples in its execution look like this:
These are just small fragments of one of his speeches. But how does a person motivate?
Correct solution
You can give a speech on any topic. Examples of public speaking are easy to find in print and other media. Typically, speakers address important social, political and economic issues. Recently, it has become fashionable to give training on ways to make money on the Internet, present various training programs, or draw attention to advertising campaigns. Sometimes speakers conduct psychological trainings, discuss religion or philosophy. But no matter what the speaker talks about, his main goal is to captivate the audience.
A speaker is not a person who professionally manipulates pathetic speeches, but one who is able to conduct a simultaneous dialogue with thousands of listeners. He must speak the language of the people who listen to him, understand their problems, find common ground and skillfully lead them to making the right decision.
Business communication
It may seem that it is varied and has no clear boundaries, this public speech. The examples of speeches presented above give the false impression that the speakers' texts have nothing in common. In fact, they all have the same goal: the listener must agree with the speaker's point of view. And this can be done using completely different methods, including provocation. Although this method is used mainly in court proceedings.
The founder of the Russian legal profession, A.F. Koni, once defended a disabled hunchback. For many years, his neighbor mocked him, and then one day, unable to bear it, the hunchback grabbed a stone and threw it at him, thereby causing serious bodily injury. In his public speech, A.F. Koni was original like no one else. He, as expected, addressed the jury: “Gentlemen of the jury!” Then he paused and repeated this phrase four more times, making minute stops after each address. After the fourth appeal, one of the jurors could not stand it and furiously blurted out: “Are you kidding me?!” A.F. Koni was not taken aback, this is exactly the reaction he expected: “I addressed you politely and only 4 times, and you were already starting to get nervous. My client listened to insults directed at him for many years. How was he supposed to feel?
This speech achieved its goal - the defendant was acquitted.
The purpose of speech is to communicate information and inform the audience.
⇐ PreviousPage 8 of 13Next ⇒2. The purpose of speech is to provide understanding, to achieve understanding.
3. Basic laws (rules) of informative speech: make the speech understandable and interesting for listeners, and make the information as effective as possible (complete, structured - semantically broken down, systematized); take into account the intellectual readiness of the audience to perceive information.
4. Structure of speech: introduction, main part, conclusion.
Introduction.
The task of the introduction is to capture the attention of the listeners (techniques: unexpected, mysterious, paradoxical title of the speech and its beginning; designation of the problem and the “highlight” of the speech, etc.).
Main part
Consistent presentation in accordance with the speech plan. Strict adherence to the law of advancement and localization of the addressee (the listener must understand where he is in the speech and where the speaker is leading him). Designation of transitions from one part of speech to another (by rational and emotional means). Constantly maintaining interest (by various verbal and non-verbal means) as the main content is presented.
Conclusion
. A brief “walkthrough” of the main points of the speech. The final conclusion, the general meaning of what is communicated, is better in a figurative form (can be in the form of an anecdote, parable, comparison, generalization, etc.).
5. Expression of thought in speech.
Well structured periods. Explanation of terminological vocabulary. Minimum terms. The basis is neutral vocabulary. Use (moderate) of expressive-emotional vocabulary, quotes, aphorisms. The leading communicative qualities of speech are accuracy, logic, and correctness.
Main types of informative speeches:
lecture – an educational, scientific or popular science presentation by a specialist in which a topic is revealed;
report – a detailed message that reveals an important scientific or socio-political problem;
message - a short report on a separate, private issue.
information - a short oral report about any events that occurred;
announcement - a message about what is to come, should happen;
abstract – a brief summary of the content of a book or film;
introduction (in official and unofficial circumstances) - acquaintance, communication of information about oneself (or about another), private option - introduction when applying for a job.
An informative speech is intended primarily to convey new information to the audience.
The subject of informational speech is the entire diversity of the surrounding world: people, things, concepts, phenomena, events, facts, scientific hypotheses, etc.
The content of speech is determined by the addressee and his need for certain information.
If the speaker, without any explanation, decided to tell the accounting department employees about the latest space research, and the students of the agricultural academy about the new rolling mill, he should not be surprised that the listeners will not be interested in the information offered, even if it is of good quality and correctly presented.
How to “quantize” information
Dividing speech into quanta, you need to know two patterns of perception and memorization:
What is best remembered is what is given at the beginning and end of the entire speech and each individual quantum (“border effect”);
around the semantically important “zones” of speech there should be “empty” zones” filled with “frivolous” content: a joke, example, anecdote, etc.
It is more advantageous to break down the content of the main part using the principles of similarity and contrast. For example, it is better to report several properties of the subject of speech, grouping them by commonality and contrast: “The iron has three advantages. This... Let's look at each of them." Then: “The iron has three disadvantages. This is...” Next, a linking transition to the next quantum of speech.
Text coherence can be achieved in special ways:
retrospection - a return to what was said, a reminder of existing knowledge (“we have already mentioned this”, “as was said earlier”);
prospection - looking forward (“we’ll talk about this a little later”);
repetition of thoughts, use of different language units.
There are certain speech formulas for transition:
Firstly Secondly; however; Not only…; on the other side; concerning…; now consider; let's move on to...; this is not limited to; another feature...; one more feature; no less important reason; against; still remains to be considered; Finally, we note; let's name others; let's pay attention; note.
And here are the formulas for the conclusion:
to summarize the above; as we see; Thus; From what has been said it follows; summarizing what has been said; Let's summarize; what has been said allows us to draw a conclusion; The main conclusions are as follows.
Example of an informative speech
Lecture for parents of primary school students on the prevention of respiratory viral diseases and food intoxication"
Topic: “Prevention of the most common diseases of your children”
Goal: Provide information to parents and support children's health
Tasks:
analyze the level of spread of EH and PI among students,
give a general idea of the dangers of these diseases.
teach preventive measures.
Audience: people of different ages and professions, but of approximately the same status, businesslike and hasty, but interested in the health of children.
Lecture equipment: visual materials, handouts with vaccination schedules and contact information.
(continuation)
Sample lecture plan:
Presentation of information about the level of educational attainment and PI in this school
A reminder of the basic concepts about the characteristics of these diseases and the threat to the health, learning and development of children
Coverage of the rules of prevention - “Principles of vaccination”, “Hardening and compliance with hygiene rules”, “Storage and use of food”, “If there is a sick person in the house”
Establishing contacts with the audience for subsequent consultation and possible communication. Distribution of materials. Answers on questions.
Argumentative speech
1. If the purpose of the speech is to convince the audience to agree with the speaker on a controversial issue, then the speech is persuasive.
If the purpose of speech is to persuade listeners to take some action, then the speech is agitating.
2. The goal of the speech is to gain the trust of the audience.
3. Basic laws of argumentative speech: the need for a precise choice of the type of speech, a precise formulation of the problem of speech, a clear formulation of the thesis; taking into account the audience, its comprehensive assessment and, accordingly, the choice of a proof strategy (using the deductive or inductive method); a combination of rational and emotional methods of persuasion.
4. Speech structure: introduction, main part, conclusion
Introduction . The task of the introduction is to win over the listeners (techniques: aphorism, quote, joke; demonstration of goodwill, objectivity, honesty, respect for the audience; concern for the welfare of the listeners, etc.). Formulation of the main thesis, purpose of the speech, explanation of the speaker’s motives, etc.
Main part
. Formulation of additional theses. Selecting and arranging arguments according to the strength of their impact.
Conclusion.
A clear, catchy, crystallized conclusion (preferably in a figurative form, rather than repeating the positions and facts of the main part of the speech). Appeal to the audience. Optimistic conclusion to the speech.
5. Expressing thoughts in speech.
The basis is neutral vocabulary, however, the use of expressive-emotional vocabulary and various means of expression (figures of thought and figures of words) is mandatory. The leading communicative qualities of speech are logic, accuracy, expressiveness, and appropriateness.
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Who, comrades judges, feeds you?
History knows many cases of such original performances. Even in literature you can find good examples of oratory speeches that can be used to teach this art. Thus, in A. M. Gorky’s novel “Mother,” the convicted Pavel Vlasov spoke at the court hearing. He was convicted under a political article and refused to carry out the escape prepared by his comrades only in order to make a speech in front of the large people who had gathered at the trial.
His speech was full of refrains, where he spoke on behalf of the people, but the main “highlight” of the speech was the climax: “How can you destroy the workers, those who feed you, comrade judges?” It costs a lot to create such a speech.
