Formation of an air stream as one of the main stages in producing sounds

www.Logopedy.ru

Author: Zakharova Yulia Alexandrovna

teacher-speech therapist MADOU "Kindergarten "141"

Aircraft construction district of Kazan.

Original: .

The formation of speech breathing involves, among other things, the production of an air stream. The production of an air stream is considered one of the necessary and significant conditions for producing sounds. Work on the education of an air stream begins at the preparatory stage of the formation of correct sound pronunciation, along with the development of phonemic hearing and articulatory motor skills

Parameters of correct oral exhalation:

- exhalation is preceded by a strong inhalation through the nose - “we take a full chest of air”; - exhalation occurs smoothly, slowly, evenly, and not in jerks; — during exhalation, the lips form a tube; you should not compress your lips;

- do not puff out your cheeks!!!; — during exhalation, air exits through the mouth; air should not be allowed to exit through the nose. - you should exhale until the air runs out;

Ask the child to blow through the lips extended in a tube - Without puffing out the cheeks, blow through the lips brought together and slightly pushed forward, forming a round “window” in the middle.

• Blow away any soft object (cotton ball, paper snowflake, etc.) from the palm of your hand brought to your mouth. Blow on pieces of cotton wool tied on a thread.

• Blow on a pencil lying on the table so that it rolls.

• Blowing soap bubbles.

• Blowing using whistles, horns, pipes, harmonica.

• Races on water with paper boats and celluloid toys, for example, blowing up “fish”. Children are asked to take turns blowing on light toys placed in a basin of water.

• Blow into the water through a straw to make the water in the glass “boil.”

When playing games aimed at developing a child's breathing, it is necessary to keep in mind that breathing exercises quickly tire the child and can even cause dizziness. Therefore, such games must be limited in time (you can use an hourglass) and be sure to alternate with other exercises.

Parameters of correct oral exhalation:

- do not puff out your cheeks!!!; — during exhalation, air exits through the mouth; air should not be allowed to exit through the nose. - you should exhale until the air runs out;

• Blow away any soft object (cotton ball, paper snowflake, etc.) from the palm of your hand brought to your mouth. Blow on pieces of cotton wool tied on a thread.

• Blow on a pencil lying on the table so that it rolls.

• Blowing soap bubbles.

• Blowing using whistles, horns, pipes, harmonica.

• Races on water with paper boats and celluloid toys, for example, blowing up “fish”. Children are asked to take turns blowing on light toys placed in a basin of water.

• Blow into the water through a straw to make the water in the glass “boil.”

Social commentary Cackle

Air jet formation

Category: Teacher-speech therapist Golubeva O.V. Published: 01/05/2014

The formation of an air stream in the process of overcoming sound pronunciation disorders is the main direction of speech therapy correction, without which it is impossible to achieve the desired result.

The main purpose of the breathing apparatus is to carry out gas exchange, that is, the delivery of oxygen to the body tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from them. And this exchange occurs thanks to the periodic renewal of air in the lungs, which occurs during the alternating alternation of respiratory phases - inhalation and exhalation.

There are three main types of breathing:

clavicular
costal (thoracic)
diaphragmatic (abdominal)

During clavicular breathing, the shoulder girdle and upper ribs rise, and predominantly the upper part of the chest expands.

With rib (chest) the chest expands forward and to the sides.

In diaphragmatic breathing - the diaphragm lowers and mainly the lower part of the chest increases; the abdominal wall protrudes.

Pure types of breathing are not actually observed. In any type of breathing, the diaphragm is active to a greater or lesser extent. Therefore, practically we can only talk about predominantly key, predominantly abdominal, or clavicular breathing.

Types of breathing depend on gender, age, profession.

Thus, in women the thoracic type of breathing is more often observed, in men - the abdominal type, in manual workers the abdominal type of breathing prevails, in persons engaged in clerical and generally sedentary work - the thoracic type.

Children usually have a mixed type of breathing, that is, an average between abdominal and thoracic.

With deep or full breathing, three types of breathing are combined - clavicular, thoracic, abdominal.

Within 1 minute, 16-20 complete respiratory movements (inhalations and exhalations) occur. The duration of inhalation is almost equal to the duration of exhalation (the ratio of inhalation time to exhalation time is approximately 1: 1.25).

This is physiological breathing necessary for life.

But in order for a child to start speaking, he must master a special type of breathing - speech breathing. This term refers to a person’s ability, in the process of speaking, to take a sufficiently deep breath in a timely manner and rationally expend air when exhaling. Speech breathing is the basis of sounding speech, the source of the formation of sounds and voices. It ensures normal voice production, helps to correctly observe pauses, maintain fluency of speech, change volume, and use speech melody.

The development of speech breathing in a child begins at the age of 6 months, with the preparation of the respiratory system for the implementation of vocal reactions, and is completed by the age of 10 years.

It is known that sounds are pronounced during the exhalation phase. As a rule, stop plosives and stop - fricative consonants are pronounced briefly, the air stream is weak. Sonorant sounds and fricatives require a strong, long-lasting air stream.

The pronunciation of most sounds of late ontogenesis requires a directed air stream. Let's look at the example of the characteristics of an air stream necessary when pronouncing hissing and whistling sounds.

Hissing	Whistling
Wide (when pronouncing hissing sounds)	Narrow (when making whistling sounds)
Warm (when making hissing sounds)	Cold (when making whistling sounds)
Weak	Strong
Absent-minded	Directed

There are three main directions of air flow:

the air stream is directed directly at the center of the tongue. This is typical for most sounds; labiolabial (V, V, F, F, posterior lingual (K, K. G, G. X, X, anterior lingual (T, T, D, D, sibilant (S, S, Z, Z, C))
the air stream is directed upward along the center of the tongue. This is typical for the pronunciation of hissing sounds (Ш, Ж, ШЧ, Ш) and vibrants (Р, Р).
the air stream is directed along the lateral edges of the tongue. This is typical for the pronunciation of stop-passive (L, L) sounds.

In accordance with the listed directions of passage of the air stream in the oral cavity, the following exercises are used in speech therapy work:

“Blow the snowflakes off the slide.” (use pieces of cotton wool or foam balls) “Punish the naughty tongue.” "Groove".
"Tricks".
“A hunter is walking through the swamp”

The production of an air stream can be carried out before articulatory gymnastics or simultaneously with articulatory gymnastics. Since the cheeks, lips, and tongue take an active part in the formation of the air stream.

Articulation exercises performed while exhaling:

"Turkey poults." As you exhale, pronounce “Bl-bl-bl.”
“Punish the naughty tongue.” As you exhale, pronounce “Five-five-five.”
“Machine gun” As you exhale, pronounce “T-t-t.”
"Motor". As you exhale, pronounce “R-r-r.”
“Bug” As you exhale, pronounce “Zh-zh-zh.”

In the system of speech therapy work on air flow education, the following main directions can be distinguished:

Blowing with closed lips.
Blowing through lips extended with a tube.
Pouting through lips stretched into a smile.
Blowing on the tongue.

Let's take a closer look at each direction.

Blowing with closed lips. To strengthen the cheek muscles, the following exercises can be considered preparatory:
“Rolling the balls” The cheeks are inflated one by one.
"Skinny ones." Retract your cheeks with your lips closed and your mouth slightly open.
“Blowing through lips extended with a tube.” Tension of the orbicularis oris muscle.
Blowing through lips extended with a tube.
Blow away any soft object (cotton ball, paper snowflake, etc.) from the palm of your hand raised to your mouth.
Blow on a piece of cotton wool tied to threads. You can blow upward on the dandelion fluffs and try to keep them in the air longer.
Blowing on a sailboat, napkin, sheet, weather vane, etc.
Blow on a pencil lying on the table so that it rolls (on hexagons)
Blowing out a candle.
Inflating balloons and rubber toys.
Blowing soap bubbles.
Blowing using whistles. Horns, pipes, harmonica.
Races on the water with paper boats and celluloid toys, for example, blowing up “fish”.
Children are asked to take turns blowing on light toys placed in a basin of water.
Blow hard on the water until it splashes.
You can stretch the threads horizontally and tie light paper birds, butterflies, and dragonflies to the vertically hanging threads.
Blowing is the rolling of light wooden or celluloid balls along a groove.
Pouting through lips stretched into a smile.
Form a narrow gap between the lips, stretched together in a slight smile. The child is asked to place the wide tip of his tongue between his lips. Blow on the tip of your tongue.
Form a narrow gap between the lips, stretched together in a slight smile. “Slap” your tongue with your lips, making the sounds of five-five-five as you exhale.
Blowing on the tongue.
Holding your tongue wide behind your upper teeth, you need to blow on its tip. Instructions: “Smile. Show your teeth. Keep your tongue wide at the top. Can you feel the breeze? Blow like that again. Feel how I blow! »You can use a mirror so that the child can see the position of his tongue.
Place your wide tongue on your lower lip. Fold the edges of the tongue so that a groove is formed. It's easy to blow through the groove.
“Blow the snowflakes off the slide” Smile. Show your teeth. Open your mouth slightly. Hold the tip of your tongue behind your lower teeth. Lift your tongue up. Blow on your tongue.

In the process of corrective work on the formation of an air stream, it is important to adhere to the following methodological recommendations.

Exercises are carried out in a well-ventilated area.
It is better to perform the exercises while standing, with the body in a free position in space. The chest is straightened. Watch your posture.
Attention is drawn to ensuring that the child inhales deeply and calmly through the nose. Exhalation through the mouth should be light, smooth, without tension.
Monitor the accuracy of the direction of the air stream.
The duration of the exercises (from 30 seconds to 1.5 minutes). Hyperventilation of the lungs leads to an abundant supply of oxygen to the cerebral cortex, which can result in dizziness.
Dosage of quantity and pace of exercises. Intensive blowing should be carried out no more than 5 times at a time, for several seconds.
You can't puff out your cheeks.
Do not hold in the exhaled air. You can hold your cheeks with your hands to use tactile control.
In the initial stages, you can use a mirror to attract visual control.
Control of the exhaled stream of air is carried out using a cotton swab brought to the child’s mouth: if the exercise is performed correctly. The fleece will deviate.
Exercises can be performed counting.

We wish you success!

Teacher-speech therapist Olga Viktorovna Golubeva MADOU “Kindergarten” p. Dog

Dear parents, I offer you advice on the formation of an air stream.

We pronounce all the sounds of our speech while exhaling. Accordingly, if the speech exhalation is incorrect, all sounds will sound blurry and unclear. Conversely, mastered correct exhalation - in the middle of the tongue - can normalize the quality of all speech sounds in children, as well as significantly reduce the time spent working on each sound. The production of a strong directed air stream is a necessary condition for sound production. You can work on the development of air flow and speech exhalation in a variety of ways: inflating balloons and soap bubbles, blowing a whistle, harmonica, pipe, blowing out candles. Such toys develop both the strength and duration of the air stream.

Exercises to form an air stream

Dear parents! These games should be played in a well-ventilated area. You can play several times a day, but not for long, no more than 2-3 minutes, to avoid dizziness in the child!

1. “Push the ball into the goal” GOAL: to produce a long-lasting, directed air stream. Pull your lips forward with a tube and blow on the cotton ball for a long time, trying to make it fly between two cubes.

2. “Who will drive the ball further?” GOAL: to develop a smooth, continuous stream running in the middle of the tongue. Smile and place the wide front edge of your tongue on your lower lip. Blow for a long time so that the air stream goes in the middle of the tongue, and blow the cotton wool onto the opposite edge of the table.

3. “The engine whistles” GOAL: to produce a smooth, continuous stream. Take a clean bottle and bring it to your mouth. Stick out the tip of your tongue slightly so that it only touches the edge of the neck. Exhale air smoothly into the bubble. If the whistle does not work, there is no need to be upset, it means that some rule of the game has not been fulfilled. You should start over.

4. “Focus”, “Parachute” GOAL: directing the air stream in the middle of the tongue. Open your mouth slightly, push your tongue forward with a cup and lift it, exhale smoothly onto the cotton wool lying on the tip of your nose, or onto your bangs.

5. “The hunter walks through the swamps” GOAL: distribution of the air stream on the sides. Stretch your lips in a smile, place your tongue between your teeth. As you exhale, slap your cheeks with your palms: you get a squelching sound.

6. “Bean Race” GOAL: to develop a strong, continuous stream running in the middle of the tongue. The candy box is equipped as a track for the “bean” runners, and they start running with the help of the “wind” from cocktail tubes. The winner is the one who catches his “runner” to the finish line faster.

7. “Find out what it is” GOAL: development of the sense of smell and deep breathing. On the plates are a piece of lemon or orange, garlic or onion, dry herbs with a characteristic smell and a bottle of perfume. First, smells are studied and memorized, and then objects are guessed from them with eyes closed.

8. “Whose figurine will fly farther?” GOAL: development of long, smooth exhalation and activation of the lip muscles. On the tables there are figures of birds, butterflies, flowers, fish, and snowmen cut out of thin paper (or napkins). Each child sits opposite his figurine. You should move the figure only with one exhalation; you cannot blow several times in a row. The signals “fly”, “swim”, “ran” indicate movement for different figures. Some children blow on the figures, while the rest watch.

9. “Boat” GOAL: alternating strong and long smooth exhalation. You will need a bowl of water and paper boats (or boats made from walnut shells). In order for the boat to move smoothly, you need to blow on it slowly, with your lips pursed, as for the sound [F]. To imitate a gusty wind, the lips are folded, as for the sound [p]: “p-p-p”. You can blow with your lips stretched out with a tube, but without puffing out your cheeks.

10. “Peas versus nuts” GOAL: alternating long, smooth and strong exhalation. The match is held on a “hockey field” (candy box), “sticks” and cocktail straws. The winner is the one who blows his “players” into the enemy’s goal faster. “Players” (2-3 peas and 2-3 nuts) are pre-scattered throughout the field. 11. “Soap bubbles” PURPOSE: development of accuracy of the exhaled stream. The winner of the competition is the one who blows the biggest bubble or who produces the most bubbles. You need to blow into the ring accurately, otherwise there will be no bubbles.

12. “New Year’s joke tubes” GOAL: development of long, smooth and strong exhalation. Under the influence of exhaled air, the paper tongue unwinds.

13. “Inflate the toy” GOAL: development of strong, smooth exhalation. Children bring small inflatable toys from home. You should inflate them by taking in air through your nose and slowly exhaling it into the hole of the toy. Then you can play with her.

14. “Weather vane” PURPOSE: development of long, smooth and strong exhalation. Blow for a long time so that the air stream goes down the middle of the tongue, and blow on a weather vane or pinwheel

. 15. “Candle” PURPOSE: development of long, smooth and strong exhalation. The child takes a deep breath, then holds his breath (1 second) and exhales evenly, slowly - the candle flame has settled down, and must be held in this position with an air stream. You can't blow out the flame.

16. “Put out the candle” GOAL: development of a strong, intermittent air stream. The child takes a deep breath, then holds his breath for a second and several exhalations and pushes: fu-fu-fu. You can set another task - blow out the candle as quickly as possible.

17. “Singer” GOAL: to develop the power of the voice and a smooth air flow. The child draws out the vowel sound first quietly, gradually increasing the volume, and then at maximum volume: a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a (the chest does not shrink). 2nd option. Exercise to weaken the voice: loud-medium-quiet-whisper-silent articulation. 18. “Add a syllable” GOAL: development of a long-lasting air stream. The teacher pronounces 2,3,4 or more syllables, and the child pronounces one syllable more each time. For example, an adult: “pa-pa-pa”, a child: “pa-pa-pa-pa”.

19. “Snowflakes” GOAL: development of long, smooth exhalation and activation of the lip muscles. On the tables there are snowflakes cut out of paper (or napkins), attached to mittens with thin threads. Each child sits in front of his mitten. You should move the figure only with one exhalation; you cannot blow several times in a row. At the signal “snow”, children blow on their mittens, blowing away snowflakes. If the mittens are made of cardboard, they can be held in your hands.

20. “Wind” GOAL: development of deep inhalation and smooth exhalation. The exercise is performed standing. Slowly raising your arms to the sides, take a deep breath through your nose. Lowering your arms, exhale slowly through your mouth. Repeat the exercise 3-4 times.

Good luck to you, dear parents, and to your children!

The information was prepared by E.V. Vorobyova

regional consultant of the "Fulcrum" service

Automation of sound [P] in syllables and words

Once the long pronunciation of the sound combination [DR] and [TR] has been worked out, you can move on to the isolated pronunciation of the sound [P]. You will hear for yourself that the child begins to pronounce the sound as soon as the tongue muscles get used to the desired position and become stronger. The need to use auxiliary sounds will disappear. If you still hear the use of auxiliary sounds [D] and [T], this means that the muscles of the tongue are not yet sufficiently developed. In this case, continue to perform the previous set of exercises in combination with more careful pronunciation of syllables and words with auxiliary combinations of sounds [D] and [T].

Setting the sound [P] from the sound combinations [DR] or [TR]

Children with bilingualism should not try to make the sound [P] by imitation, since they often begin to use a “small tongue” instead of the tip of the tongue (uvular sound [P]), or the root of the tongue that comes into contact with the soft palate (velar sound [P] ). The most effective way to set the sound [P] is to use auxiliary sounds [T] and [D] , which repeat the position of the tongue and the direction of the air. Here are several options for setting the sound [P] using auxiliary sounds:

1. You and your child recall the “Accordion” exercise (see description above), when you attach your tongue to the hard palate and hold it there. Open your mouth well so that the frenulum stretches as much as possible. Using two thumbs, lift the wide edges of the tongue towards the upper lateral teeth (the middle of the tongue and the frenulum remain free). Ask your child to take a deep breath through his nose and forcefully exhale through his mouth with his voice turned on. The child’s tongue should “swell” and you will hear something similar to [TJ]. With repeated repetition and a gradual increase in the pressure of exhaled air, you should hear a combination of sounds [TP]. Make sure that the tip of the tongue vibrates and the edges of the tongue fit snugly against the upper lateral teeth.

2. Mechanical production of the sound [P], which requires a child’s finger or any rounded flat stick. A finger or stick should be placed under the tongue from below (under the tip of the tongue, in no case under the root of the tongue!) and give it an oscillatory movement - from side to side, while simultaneously pronouncing the syllable [T-YOU] or [D-DY] many times in a row . Make sure that your tongue is wide and very tense, and your lips are in a smile. The tongue will swing along with the finger. In this position, you can compare the tongue to a string. If the string is tense, then by touching it we cause it to vibrate. The string begins to sound. But if the string is loose, there will be no sound.

As soon as the child manages to pronounce a combination of sounds correctly and clearly, you can move on to a longer pronunciation of [DR] and [TR] in syllables, words and sentences using your fingers (or a stick) and strong air pressure.

Syllables: tr-r-a, tr-r-s, tr-r-o, tr-r-u tra-t tra-tru tra-tra tro-tru tro-try tru-try
Words: grass, ladder, grass, track, cable, touch, troika, labor, tube, difficult
Words (with emphasis on the syllable): ma-trats, te-trad, ma-tros, me-tro, pa-tron, va-trushka, pe-trushka.
Sentence: Parsley eats cheesecake. The sailor pulls the cable.

An excursion into the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses

A person does not notice normal nasal resistance. During the day, a person “filters” up to 10,000 liters of atmospheric air through the nose, making an average of 24,000 breathing movements. In the nasal cavity, the air is purified and prepared for the absorption of oxygen from its composition. The turbulent movement of air in the nasal cavity creates better conditions for its contact with the surface of the mucous membrane. Up to 90% of substances suspended in the air settle in the nasal cavity on mucus and go into the stomach, where they are neutralized by hydrochloric acid of gastric juice. The air in the nasal cavity warms up. When you inhale air with a temperature of minus 15 degrees, the air in the nasopharynx has a temperature of plus 25 degrees. The air is saturated with water vapor from mucus, which is very important for the complete absorption of oxygen in the lungs. As nasal resistance increases, a person feels a lack of oxygen and switches to mouth breathing. Low nasal resistance does not create normal negative pressure in the chest and does not contribute to the emergence of reflexes from the nasal mucosa, which is also assessed by a person as respiratory failure.

Nasal resistance depends on the condition of a number of intranasal structures. The narrowest point that determines the degree of nasal resistance is the area of the entrance to the nose at the anterior end of the inferior turbinate. This area is called the nasal valve. Its shape, size, and angle also affect the aerodynamics in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity has a complex anatomical structure. On its side walls there are three formations called nasal conchae. The presence of shells significantly increases the area of the nasal cavity, which contributes to better warming and humidification of the air. In the mucous membrane of the nasal concha there are special cavities filled with blood. They are called corpora cavernosa. Retention of blood in the cavernous venous plexuses leads to swelling of the inferior turbinates and increased resistance to air flow until the nasal passages are completely closed. Blood filling of the cavernous bodies depends on many factors, including the ambient temperature, dustiness of the air, and the presence of inflammation. Regulation of blood supply is carried out by the autonomic nervous system.

The air flow passing through both halves of the nose is asymmetrical. Most healthy people experience a cyclic change in resistance to the air flow passing through the left and right halves of the nose, but the total resistance remains constant. The periodic change in the degree of nasal resistance is called the nasal cycle. Alternating changes in air flow in both halves of the nose can be explained by the need for rest to restore the nasal mucosa from microtrauma and functional overload in contact with the environment.

The nasal cycle is different for each person. The blood supply to the turbinates changes every 3-6 hours, but a healthy person does not notice this. With vasomotor rhinitis, a person notices a change in the blood supply to the shells. When lying on your side, the lower half of the nose closes. This is due to a violation of the tone of the autonomic nervous system.

The physiological nasal cycle is possible only if the anatomical structures that form the lumen of both halves of the nose are symmetrical, and the nasal septum does not have a pronounced deformation and is located in the midline. In the case of anomalies in the development of intranasal structures, leading to asymmetry in the lumen of both halves of the nose, a high degree of resistance to the air flow is constantly created on the side of the narrowing, and the speed of the air stream increases. In this case, the bulk of the air goes through the wider half of the nose. Cyclic changes in resistance are disrupted. Due to constant functional overload, after several years, chronic rhinitis develops in the wider half of the nose, leading to an increase in the inferior turbinate and constantly high resistance to air flow in the two halves of the nasal cavity, which is manifested by persistent difficulty in nasal breathing.

Thus, the septum, dividing the nasal cavity into two halves, creates a pairing of the organ. Regulated by the nasal cycle, these organs (halves of the nose) function alternately at full load, periodically resting. Complete rest is possible only with the correct position of the partition.

The subjective sensations that arise when an air stream passes through the nasal cavity are very important for human comfort. They arise as a result of irritation of the sensory endings of the trigeminal nerve in the nasal mucosa during breathing. Anesthesia or damage to nerve receptors causes a sensation of closing the nose, so patients with atrophic rhinitis often complain of nasal congestion, although their resistance to the air flow is very low. A similar sensation occurs with “empty nose” syndrome, when numerous operations in the nasal cavity remove the turbinates and create an excessively large lumen in the nasal cavity.

The condition of the intranasal structures affects ventilation both in the nasal cavity and in the paranasal sinuses. With normal aerodynamics, the air flow in the nasal cavity in the area of the nasal valve makes a circular motion. Then it rises up the common nasal passage at the level of the middle turbinate and descends down into the nasopharynx. The negative pressure that arises in the nasal cavity at the beginning of inhalation causes an outflow of air from the cavities of the paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity, and this portion of air, purified, warmed and moistened, goes to the deepest parts of the lungs. When you exhale, a portion of air that entered the nasal cavity and was partially warmed, moistened and cleansed enters the paranasal sinuses.

Air exchange in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is of great importance and must occur constantly. Cessation of ventilation, blockage of the paranasal sinuses causes inflammation of the sinus mucosa.

With a curvature of the nasal septum, spines and ridges, the direction of the air stream changes. From the tubercle of the septum, the air stream is directed into the middle nasal passage, which causes a gradual increase in the anterior end of the concha and a block of the sinuses. Reflecting from the ridge at the level of the posterior sections of the middle nasal meatus, the air stream causes atrophy of the mucous membrane and the formation of an additional anastomosis. An additional anastomosis creates conditions for mucus recirculation and inflammation in the sinus. Often in this case, a cyst and choanal polyp are formed in the sinus.

The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is covered with ciliated epithelium. The cells of the ciliated epithelium have villi, which are constantly in motion and move mucus along the surface of the mucous membrane towards the nasopharynx. The constant movement of the cilia protects the mucous membrane from viruses and bacteria. Stopping the functioning of the ciliated epithelium always leads to inflammation. The surface of the mucous membrane is always moist. It is covered with mucus, which is produced by various glands. Mucus contains many biologically active substances that protect the mucous membrane. During normal functioning of the ciliated epithelium, bacteria and viruses that settle on its surface from the air are destroyed by biologically active substances and swallowed with mucus into the stomach. The normal functioning of ciliated epithelial cells prevents viruses and bacteria from coming into contact with the cells of the body. The ciliated epithelium and mucus are the first line of defense of the mucous membrane. Flickering movements depend on environmental factors. They can accelerate or completely slow down the flickering movements, but do not change the direction of movement.

The mucous membrane is also of great importance for the formation of immunity. When exposed to airborne viruses and bacteria, various cells of the nasal mucosa and the entire body form local and general immunity.

Thus, the nose has a complex anatomical structure, it has important functions for the body and there are no unnecessary elements in the structure of the nose.