Correction of written speech disorders

Speech therapy and osteopathic diagnosis of dysgraphia

Based on the manifestations of dysgraphia, several of its varieties are distinguished.

Articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia, which is characterized by errors caused by incorrect pronunciation of sounds (when the child writes words exactly as they pronounce them) or insufficient formation of kinesthetic images of sounds (during internal pronunciation of sounds, the child does not rely on normal articulation of sounds). This type of dysgraphia manifests itself by mixing, replacing, or omitting letters.
Acoustic (impaired phoneme recognition). With this type of dysgraphia, errors are caused by inaccurate auditory differentiation of sounds. The child can pronounce sounds correctly, but at the same time he allows for substitutions of letters that represent phonetically similar sounds. Often there is a mixture of letters denoting voiced and voiceless, whistling and hissing consonants, affricates (ch-sch, ts-t, ch-t, ts-t, s-sch, ts-s, z-zh, b-p, g -k, d-t, etc.).
Dysgraphia caused by a violation of language synthesis and analysis. At the same time, the child has several types of violations: analysis of sentences into individual words (separate or, on the contrary, combined spelling of words, especially prepositions with parts of speech); phonemic and syllabic analysis and synthesis (distortion of the syllabic and sound-letter structure of a word, omission of vowels and consonants when they are combined, rearrangement of letters, addition of letters and syllables.
Agrammatic dysgraphia is caused by the immaturity of the lexico-grammatical structure of speech. In this case, the child makes the following mistakes: incorrectly uses case endings and adjectives (fox coat, bear den); he has a violation of the coordination of parts of speech in the phrase (two horses, it started to rain), he cannot correctly use prepositional case constructions (flowers are in a vase); allows omissions of sentence members; incorrectly divides the text into separate sentences.
Optical - this type of dysgraphia is provoked by poor development of visual-spatial functions: spatial representations, visual mnesis, visual gnosis, visual analysis and synthesis. Because of this, a distorted reproduction of letters is observed in the letter: mixing and substitution of graphically similar letters (p-t, l-m, v-d, i-sh), mirror spelling of letters, unnecessary elements or their underwriting.
Literal optical dysgraphia - the child has difficulty reproducing isolated letters. It distorts individual letters in words: mixing and replacing graphically similar letters, there is a contextual influence of adjacent letters on the reproduction of the visual image of an individual letter in a word.

Diagnosis of dysgraphia from a speech therapy point of view implies the detection of underdevelopment of writing skills in a child. For this purpose, the speech therapist usually resorts to standard methods such as copying, auditory dictation and independent writing. As for copying, it can be done from both handwritten and printed text. In some cases, it is advisable to complicate the exercise with tasks of a grammatical or logical nature (for example, the child is asked to underline words consisting of three syllables or starting with a certain letter).

An auditory dictation, compared to a regular one, is carried out with the student’s visual self-control, therefore it meets the principle of interaction of all analyzers that participate in the act of writing. The dictation is carried out as follows: after the students have written the dictation, the speech therapist opens the text written on the board and invites the students to correct all the mistakes themselves, then highlight them with colored pencils. You need to use pencils to distinguish the corrections that the student made while writing the dictation from those that he made after its completion.

Another diagnostic method is self-writing. To do this, the child performs the following tasks: he signs story pictures with sentences, and subject pictures with words. The teacher may also ask the student to write an essay or presentation. Based on the results of all three tasks, the speech therapist decides whether the child has problems with written speech that require his intervention.

As for osteopathic diagnostics, it has certain differences. In osteopathy, any pathology is usually considered globally, since the therapeutic effect is achieved through the healing of the entire body, and not a specific system or muscle group. Therefore, to detect disorders in the body that could provoke dysgraphia, the osteopath uses standard diagnostic methods.

Typically, an appointment with an osteopath includes an examination, which includes various types of testing. Namely, the doctor can prescribe active tests (the patient needs to bend in different directions, twist, straighten and bend), passive tests (the doctor himself carries out certain movements in the patient’s joints, while assessing their elasticity, volume and plasticity), stress tests (the doctor , placing his hand on the patient’s head, presses along the axis of the spine, thereby assessing the balance of the bodily system and its stability to external load), tensile tests.

The difference between dysgraphia and natural difficulties during learning to write

Errors caused by dysgraphia must be distinguished from the natural difficulties that most children experience while learning to write. In schoolchildren who are just beginning to learn, writing errors are caused by the difficulty of distributing attention between spelling, technical and mental operations. The main signs of immaturity in writing skills, which are eliminated during training, include:

lack of designated boundaries between sentences;
poor knowledge of letters, especially capital ones;
predominantly continuous spelling of words that need to be written separately;
mirror inversion of some letters;
uncharacteristic mixtures;
difficulties with indicating soft words in Russian writing.

There are a number of distinctive features that differentiate natural writing problems from dysgraphia. First of all, it is worth remembering that writing errors with dysgraphia are always persistent and can only be gotten rid of after a long course of corrective work. A child can make such mistakes for several years. As for the natural errors associated with underdevelopment of the writing skill, persistence is not typical for them, since as we move from one stage of the skill to another, they completely disappear.

Also, errors with dysgraphia are of a specific nature. This means that such errors can be repeated in all types of oral and written work. Such consistency makes it possible to distinguish such errors from accidental ones that a child may make due to inattention, excessive fatigue, or lack of control when reading and writing. It is also important that dysgraphia is caused by the child’s immaturity of higher mental functions that ensure the normal process of reading and writing - differentiation of phonemes by ear, analysis of sentences into individual words, phonemic analysis and synthesis, optical-spatial functions, lexical-grammatical structure of speech.

Dysgraphia: general information

Dysgraphia is a writing disorder that involves crooked letter writing with multiple misspellings of words. The handwriting of a child with this disorder is illegible, and words may be written in reverse with a large number of grammatical errors. This defect is a consequence of disruption of certain parts of the brain.

Writing impairment, the causes of which lie in the improper functioning of certain parts of the brain, occurs in many children who are beginning to learn the basics of writing. Thus, among second grade students, on average, such a violation occurs in more than half of the class. In the absence of timely treatment, such a deviation entails a decrease in the child’s self-esteem, affects his academic performance, and affects relationships with peers.

Dysgraphia is often accompanied by minor problems with the speech apparatus. This violation has several types and is classified according to severity.

Correction of written speech disorders in younger schoolchildren

The most common cause of academic failure among primary school students is various speech disorders, which make it difficult for children to master writing skills. Since eliminating written speech disorders in children requires the involvement of several specialists at once (speech therapist, psychologist, osteopath), this in turn affects the uniqueness of therapy techniques.

The main tasks of correcting dysgraphia in young schoolchildren are:

full development of phonemic synthesis and analysis;
improvement of language analysis and synthesis at the following levels: syllable, word, sentence, text;
development of space-time concepts;
improving concentration, thinking and memory;
consolidation and clarification of auditory-pronunciation differences between phonemes;
development of auditory, visual and kinesthetic analyzers, which take part in the act of speech, reading, writing;
development and formation of coherent speech;
enrichment of vocabulary.

FORMS OF DYGRAPHIA

Experts distinguish 5 main forms of dysgraphia, which depend on which written function is impaired or not formed. Classification of written speech disorders: • Acoustic – a written speech disorder that occurs due to problems with phonemic hearing. A schoolchild cannot distinguish sounds that are similar in sound, for example, d-t z-s, sh-s, zh-z; • Articular-acoustic – the child has problems with sound pronunciation and phonemic perception. For this reason, the student pronounces and therefore writes letters incorrectly. To get rid of the problem, you need to work on the production of sounds; • Optical – the student has undeveloped visual-spatial perception. For this reason, he writes letters incorrectly: he “mirrors”, does not add details or adds extra ones, confuses letters that are similar in appearance; • Agrammatic – errors during writing are caused by problems in lexical development and the formation of the grammatical structure of speech. Then the child makes mistakes when changing words by case, number or gender, for example, “beautiful cat”, “bright flower”. Quite often, such disorders occur in bilingual families. Sometimes several speech therapy disorders of written speech are combined. In addition, dysgraphia can occur against the background of other speech disorders. There is a type of written speech disorder called dysorthography, which is manifested by the child’s lack of ability to master spelling knowledge, skills and abilities associated with it. This disorder is associated with insufficient development of speech functions, visual and auditory attention and perception, memory and thinking. Dysgraphia and dysorthography are independent of each other, but quite often they are combined. In this case, it is necessary to carry out a competent correction in order to rid the student of psychological complexes in the future.

Basic principles of the dysgraphia correction program for primary schoolchildren

The dysgraphia correction program should be based on the following principles: systemic, complex, ontogenetic, general didactic (accessibility, awareness, visibility, individual approach, awareness). The main place in the correction program is occupied by practical techniques:

constructive - used to clarify optical-spatial differentiations (for example, this can be the construction of different letters from individual elements, or from one letter to another);
creative - work on the formation of sound-letter analysis and synthesis.

The correction program for eliminating dysgraphia provides three levels of correction: lexical, phonetic and syntactic. Usually, at the beginning of the course, an introductory conversation is scheduled, a parent meeting and a dictation are held. At the end of the course, there is a conversation with parents, a final dictation, and a summing up (assessment of the dynamics of overcoming dysgraphia.

It is worth noting that most children with problems with written language have difficulties with time orientation: they have very poor knowledge of the basic units of time (months, seasons, days of the week and sequence); they have not developed the generalization of spatial representations and concepts, difficulties arise in the kinetic and dynamic organization of hand movements; clear connections between the auditory analyzer and the motor system are not sufficiently formed. Clarification and development of these functions should be carried out in every lesson.

Correction of dysgraphia at the phonetic level involves solving a number of problems: the development of sound synthesis and analysis of words (the transition from simpler forms to complex ones) and the improvement of phonemic perception (differentiation of phonemes that have similar characteristics). The correction program involves preliminary work in groups to clarify optical-spatial concepts and subsequent independent work at home using speech therapy cards. Also, as homework, children are asked to do exercises to develop the differentiation of letters, which are mixed according to voiced and voiceless.
Elimination of dysgraphia at the lexical level involves achieving such tasks as quantitative growth of the vocabulary (this is achieved by mastering new words, as well as their meanings), qualitative replenishment of the vocabulary (the child’s assimilation of emotional and semantic shades of the meanings of different words, their figurative meaning); understanding the synonymy and antonymy of words, the formation of a culture of speech (elimination from it of slang words, vernacular, parasitic words).
At the syntactic level, correctional work involves enriching phrasal speech, consciously constructing sentences, and children mastering the compatibility of words in a sentence.

The first stage of dysgraphia correction

At the first stage of correctional work, students’ attention is drawn to the work of the articulatory apparatus in order to make it as controllable as possible; children are also taught to evaluate muscle sensations while pronouncing sounds and words, as well as to associate their sensations with acoustic stimulation. To do this, it is necessary to practice the articulation of first row vowels and consonants, even if their pronunciation usually does not suffer. Exercises aimed at recognizing and isolating sounds from words are carried out based on pronouncing in a loud voice, and then pronouncing words in a normal voice. Afterwards, the child proceeds to perform the exercise silently.

Also, during correctional work, the child should understand the relationship between the letter and the sound. Subsequent speech therapy work is aimed at developing sound-letter synthesis and analysis. Great importance is given to the differentiation of letters that have kinetic similarity or the same number of elements (p-t, l-m, i-sh, i-shch), similar in spatial arrangement of elements (b-d, v-d, y- h, g-r).

Work begins with optical-spatial differentiation, for which the child needs to perform actions with geometric shapes, pictures, perform exercises with constructing letters using counting sticks, guessing isographs, guessing letters. The main task of a speech therapist is to teach children to identify specific features that allow them to distinguish mixed letters from each other.

Such work should be carried out without absences at each lesson in its organizational part. After completion, children are given individual lessons to study on cards to take home. Also, during correctional classes, active work is carried out to distinguish between phonemes that have acoustic-articulatory similarities (primarily this concerns vowels of the 1st and 2nd rows). The work at the first stage ends with children distinguishing consonant sounds. To do this, the speech therapist gives them the concept of deaf and voiced sounds, compares them, explains their differences and similarities.

The second stage of dysgraphia correction

The second stage of correction of dysgraphia in younger schoolchildren begins with clarification and subsequent expansion of the children’s vocabulary. At this stage, the speech therapist should familiarize children with the synonymy and antonymy of words, without naming these phenomena, but explaining their essence in detail. Then the specialist clarifies the children’s understanding that words consist of sounds that merge into syllables. Then the students begin to master the structure of the word, for which they first rely on the rhythmic pattern of the word and its graphic representation, which is supported by the syllabic role of vowels. Also at this stage of correctional work, important attention is paid to isolating vowel sounds (stressed and unstressed) from words.

The third stage of dysgraphia correction

At the third stage of dysgraphia correction, the speech therapist moves on to working on a simple sentence. While performing various exercises, children learn to understand the syntactic basis of a sentence. As a result, they lay the foundation for mastering the skills of syntactic parsing of sentences at subsequent stages of learning. Also, in parallel, work is underway on the grammatical design of the sentence. In classes, a speech therapist teaches a child with dysgraphia to correctly coordinate parts of speech.

Of no small importance at the third stage of dysgraphia correction is the study of prepositions. At the same time, work is carried out exclusively with those prepositions that are not used in students’ oral speech or are mixed with others (for example, this could be replacing the preposition “from” with the preposition “with”). When analyzing prepositions, the student’s understanding of the spatial meaning of prepositions is first worked out, after which their meanings are learned. Also, in parallel, classes should include tasks that reinforce the child’s understanding of the separate writing of prepositions and words.

The speech therapist also focuses on activities whose main goal is the formation of coherent speech. First, children learn to retell the text, then compose stories using several pictures, according to a plan, using one plot picture, using supporting words. Moreover, at this stage, as at the previous two, it is extremely important that the child gradually enriches his vocabulary. The speech therapist must take this into account when preparing a lesson and selecting exercises.

In some children with mixed problems of written speech, some non-speech processes (auditory and visual attention, thinking, memory) may remain unformed, therefore, throughout the course of correction, the speech therapist should include in classes tasks aimed at their development. To overcome dysgraphia and achieve set goals, various games are actively used: while working on identifying vowel sounds - active and didactic games with a ball; to develop skills of analysis and synthesis - didactic games (“Pyramid”, “Toy Store”).

At all stages of written speech correction, it is effective to use speech therapy games. Important attention should be paid to such a technique as modeling: during the formation of language analysis and synthesis (at the level of sound, syllable, sentence), when working on stress, when differentiating vowels. Speech therapists also actively use visual and verbal methods of influence (stories, conversations, explanations).

Correction of writing disorders. consultation on the topic

This article provides recommendations to parents on the prevention and correction of writing disorders in younger schoolchildren, and proposes a set of exercises that, taken together and individually, will best affect the child’s writing and overall performance at school.

As they begin school, some children suddenly develop difficulties with reading and writing. The guys find themselves at odds with the Russian language, although they do well in mathematics and other subjects where, it would seem, more intelligence is required. Such children are referred to a speech therapist, who, after a thorough examination, comes to the conclusion that the child has dysgraphia - a partial specific writing disorder.

Let's look at the student's notebook. The following types of errors indicate the presence of dysgraphia:

Errors in stressed syllables, for example, “joy” instead of “joy”.
Skipping letters.
Missing words and letters. For example, “staka...” instead of “stakaN”
Rearrangement of syllables. For example, “yabkolo” instead of “apple”.
Repeating the same letter. For example, “MagaziM” instead of “shop”.
The letters “b”, “c”, “e”, “z”, the numbers “4”, “3”, “5” are turned to the other side (mirror writing).
Forgetting and skipping rarely encountered letters (“ъ” and “е”).
The child “does not notice” the margin and continues to write to the very edge of the notebook.
“Moves out” from the lines towards the end of the sentence.
Shifts words at random
Often leaves no spaces between words.
Doesn't notice the end of the sentence, doesn't put a period, and continues to write the next one with a small letter.

Parents need to pay special attention to these mistakes if:

your child is left-handed;
he is a converted right-hander;
the child attended a speech therapy group;
two or more languages are spoken in the family;
your child went to school too early (learning to read and write unjustifiably earlier sometimes provokes the occurrence of dysgraphia and dyslexia.) This happens in cases where the child has not yet reached the psychological readiness for such learning;
your child has problems with memory and attention.

Some tips for parents:

If your child is assigned to read a text at home or write a lot, then break the text into parts and complete the task in several steps.
Do not force your child to rewrite homework many times; this will not only harm the child’s health, but also instill in him insecurity, and also increase the number of mistakes.
Praise your child for every success achieved, humiliate him as little as possible.
Let the child play enough in childhood. Research results show that out of 100% of children with problems in the Russian language, 95% do not know how to play role-playing games, do not know the rules of even the most famous children's games, such as hide and seek and tag. In games, you need to follow the rules, so the baby learns to voluntarily regulate his actions and behavior. But it is voluntary regulation that underlies competent writing.
Walk with your child more often. During walks, the brain is saturated with oxygen and its performance improves. Which is also very useful for successful learning.
Enroll your child in a sports section or dance class. Sport perfectly teaches voluntary regulation, develops motor skills, develops attention and reaction speed. And deep breathing during training saturates the subcortex with oxygen.
Playing music, in particular playing the piano, develops hand motor skills and improves the interaction of both hemispheres of the brain.
After school, massage your child's cervical and occipital areas more often.

Exercises to help overcome dysgraphia.

These exercises will not eliminate the problem, but will help parents in overcoming dysgraphia and will help in working on the defect.

Exercise "Proofreading".

For this exercise you need a book, boring and with a fairly large (not small) font. The student works every day for five (no more) minutes on the following task: crosses out the given letters in a continuous text. You need to start with one letter, for example, “a”. Then “o”, then the consonants with which there are problems, first they also need to be asked one at a time. After 5-6 days of such classes, we switch to two letters, one is crossed out, the other is underlined or circled. The letters should be “paired”, “similar” in the student’s mind. For example, as practice shows, most often difficulties arise with the pairs “p/t”, “p/r”, “m/l” (spelling similarity); “y/d”, “y/y”, “d/b” (in the latter case, the child forgets whether the tail of the circle is pointing up or down), etc. The pairs necessary for working through can be established when viewing any text written by your child. After seeing the correction, ask what letter he wanted to write here. More often than not, everything is clear without explanation.

Attention! It’s better if the text is not read (that’s why the book needs to be boring). All attention must be concentrated on finding the given shape of a letter, one or two, and work only with them.

Exercise “Writing out loud.”

An extremely important and irreplaceable technique: everything that is written is spoken out loud by the writer at the time of writing and the way it is written, with underlining, highlighting the weak parts. That is, “More -Y-but an important reception” (after all, in fact, we say something like “LOOKING FOR AN EMERGENCY IMPORTANT PREMIERE”). The example is simpler: “ON THE TABLE WAS A JUG WITH MILK” (a jug of malak melted on the steel). By “weak beats” we mean sounds that, when pronounced in fluent speech, the speaker pays the least attention to. For vowel sounds, this is any unstressed position; for consonants, for example, a position at the end of a word, such as “zu*p”, or before a voiceless consonant, such as “lo*shka”. It is also important to clearly pronounce the end of the word, since for a dysgraphic person it is difficult to finish the word to the end, and often for this reason the habit of “putting sticks” is developed, i.e. add an indefinite number of squiggle sticks to the end of a word, which at a quick glance can be mistaken for letters. But the number of these squiggles and their quality do not correspond to the letters at the end of the word. It is important to determine whether your child has developed this habit. However, regardless of whether it exists or not, we get used to consistency and gradual pronunciation, we pronounce every word we write down!

Exercise "Missing letters".

When performing this exercise, it is suggested to use the hint text, where all the missing letters are in their places. The exercise develops attention and confidence in writing skills.

For example:

Of course, no matter what, what Lariosik __to the hall is going to eat. In no way __l__ch__e m__f__t b__t__ n__ st__ro__e Petliura in__el__ig__n__n__y ch__l__we__ in__ob__e, but d__en__lm__n, p__d__i__av__iy cheerful on s__m__es__t p__t you__ya__ and p__sy__a__shchi__ __el__g__a__we in __es__es __t tr__ s__ov__, in particular...

Exercise "Labyrinths". Labyrinths are good for developing gross motor skills (movements of the hand and forearm), attention, and continuous line. Make sure your child changes the position of his hand, not the sheet of paper.

If a child misses letters, use the “Magic Dictation” exercise.

You read a sentence or part of it (3-4 words). The child taps out the syllables: ma-ma we-la ra-mu to catch the rhythm of the sentence. After that, he writes down this rhythm in the form of a dotted line, where instead of syllables there are dashes. The next step: write down each word in the form of dots, according to the number of letters in the word.

If the child does not complete the endings, do the “Image of a Word” exercise.

Say the word and ask your child to name the word that begins with the penultimate letter of your word. Or a third from the end. Or to the letter that needs to be remembered in a dictionary word: for example, in the word ship - to the second letter. Words can be selected on one topic, for example, animals, plants - this will be good training in classification.

If a child makes mistakes in vocabulary words, use the “Funny Cartoon” exercise.

We give the child a task: mentally compose a very funny cartoon in which the objects you name will appear in order. The child closes his eyes, and you begin to dictate vocabulary words, very clearly pronouncing all unstressed vowels, unpronounceable consonants and other difficult cases: ship, cow, ladder, basket...

He links them in his head into some funny plot, then opens his eyes and tells his cartoon. You react quickly.

After this, the child must, remembering the plot he invented, write all these words.

Then - a self-test: you give him the sample from which you dictated, and ask him to check whether he wrote correctly.

If there are mistakes, the next task is to draw the word in which the mistake was made so that it is clear what the difficulty is in this word (for example, we drew a cow on a bicycle or a cow with huge round eyes in the form of two letters O; a train station with a large letter K; staircase with the letter T).

If a child does not remember the rules of the Russian language well, use the “Encryption” exercise.

The alphabet is written on the board, each letter corresponds to some image: a square, a triangle, a dancing man, etc. We need to write a note to a friend so that at least one word contains the rule that we are practicing.

For example, alternating ber-bir. The entire text of the note is encrypted, except for these three letters BER or BIR. The friend must understand what was written to him and respond in the same way.

If the child does not apply the rules when writing, do the “Zoo” exercise.

Everyone sits in a circle, preferably on the carpet. Everyone chooses an animal and a symbol: for example, a lynx uses its hands to depict ears with tufts, a sparrow waves its wings with its elbows... Everyone demonstrates their movements, the rest try to remember.

The one who starts the game makes his movement, then the movement of one of the participants. He must catch this, repeat his movement and again make the movement of one of the participants. The pace gradually quickens. Anyone who makes a mistake works off the forfeit: publicly sings, dances, reads poetry, etc. This is also useful for emancipation and overcoming fear of an audience.

Dictations must be written! Only in a special way.

Extremely slow! At the initial stage of eliminating dysgraphia, a dysgraphic applicant should spend at least half an hour writing a dictation of 50 words. Why so long? This can be seen from the following points.
The text is read in its entirety. You can ask what spelling/punctuation this text is based on. Then the first sentence is dictated. Ask them to spell one or two difficult (or simply long) words. Do not insist, suggest, encourage the attempt to give the correct answer. Only then (after reading it twice, or even three or four times) start writing.
The sentence is dictated in parts and written down with all the pronunciation features and punctuation marks spoken out loud.

All of the above exercises, taken together and individually, will have the best effect on the child’s writing and overall performance at school.

Correction of writing disorders in older schoolchildren

Correction of dysgraphia in older schoolchildren is necessary depending on its type. However, it is worth considering that some children may experience a mixture of several types of dysgraphia. Therefore, taking into account violations of written speech, correctional work may consist of the following sections:

overcoming problems with writing caused by a violation of language analysis and synthesis;
elimination of agrammatic dysgraphia;
correction of optical dysgraphia;
overcoming acoustic dysgraphia.

Dysgraphia due to impairment of language analysis and synthesis

The main tasks of correcting dysgraphia caused by a violation of language analysis and synthesis include the formation, gradual development and improvement of skills in analyzing sentence structure, as well as syllabic and phonemic synthesis and analysis.

The development of these skills involves the following stages of work:

the child’s determination of the number, place and sequence of words in a sentence;
isolating a vowel sound from a syllable or word;
distinguishing vowel and consonant sounds in a word;
determining the number and place of a syllable in a word;
composing words by rearranging syllables and adding sounds;
isolating the first and last sound from a word, as well as determining its place;
determination of sequence and positional place in a word.

To develop skills and consolidate them during correctional classes, speech therapists use a set of various exercises:

Insert the missing letters in words (for example, kry...a, ru...a);
Choose words in which the sound specified by the speech therapist would be in first, second, third place. For example, if you come up with words with the sound [k] using this scheme, then they could be a cat (in first place), a window (in second place), and a poppy (in third place).
Add several sounds to one syllable to create different words.
Choose words with the same number of sounds from one sentence.
Choose words with a given number of sounds (for example, with three sounds - smoke, house, cancer.
Children first roll the dice and then come up with a word consisting of sounds in an amount that corresponds to the number of dots on the dice.
“Sound arithmetic” - children are asked to add or remove one sound from a word to end up with a new word.
“Finest hour” - children need to create new words from the letters of the word “picture”: whale, tina, thread, tank.
The word is a mystery. The speech therapist writes the first letter of the word and puts dots in place of all the others. Students need to come up with words starting with this letter.
Children need to name words in which the letters are in reverse order.

Agrammatic dysgraphia

The main tasks of correcting this type of dysgraphia include the formation and improvement of the following skills: the ability to most accurately correlate certain words with a phenomenon, object, action; understand the morphological composition of words; be able to formulate your speech grammatically correctly; speak coherently.

To develop these skills, the following areas of correctional work are recommended:

First, the speech therapist clarifies the meanings of words that are in the child’s vocabulary, which is then gradually enriched in the learning process. This happens due to the accumulation of new words that relate to different parts of speech and due to the development in children of skills to actively use word formation methods. Thus, the child gradually develops a consistent accumulation of “nests of related words.”
Formation and development of grammatically correct speech through mastering the connection of words in sentences, phrases, and models of syntactic constructions.
Development of skills to speak coherently, which includes the selection of certain linguistic means for utterance, taking into account the goals of communication, establishing the sequence of utterances, improving the ability to construct and then rebuild sentences according to patterns.

Optical dysgraphia

During correctional work to eliminate optical dysgraphia, the doctor concentrates on the development of visual perception and the subsequent differentiation of mixed letters in writing. To overcome optical dysgraphia, it is necessary to teach the child ideas about size, shape and color, the design of letters, their location and selection, and orientation in the surrounding space. You can consider how optical dysgraphia can be eliminated in practice using the example of exercises aimed at differentiation in words i-u.

To begin, the speech therapist focuses on the development of spatial concepts in the child. To do this, he can ask the student to draw these letters with a certain sequence of movements.
The teacher then moves on to develop phonemic analysis and synthesis. To do this, he writes several numbers and letters on the board (p, w, i, g, y, a, k). Afterwards, the speech therapist gives the students the following tasks: select only letters and make a word (toy) from them, determine which sound is in the first and fourth place of the resulting word.
At the next stage of the lesson, the speech therapist offers the student a visual analysis of the letters being studied. To do this, the child must look at the letters and understand what elements they consist of. He should also find similar and distinctive features between the letters.
To consolidate the understanding of the differences between letters, the student performs exercises. For example, he needs to copy words, while inserting missing letters instead of dots (p...ram...da). Another exercise involves making new words from the letters of the word “truck.” Then in these words the student needs to emphasize the letters studied in the lesson.

Acoustic dysgraphia

The objectives of correctional work to overcome acoustic dysgraphia include the development of the following skills:

auditory perception;
ideas about sounds;
phonemic analysis and synthesis;
distinguishing mixed sounds by sonority and dullness, hardness and softness.

The training program is based on the child’s comparison of mixed sounds in auditory and pronunciation terms, as well as clarification of the auditory and pronunciation image of the mixed sounds.

How the development of skills to distinguish letters by ear occurs in practice can be considered using the example of practical classes on differentiating the sounds [d] and [t].

First, the speech therapist asks students to compare the articulation of the sounds [d] and [t]. First, he pronounces these sounds himself, after which he asks the students to repeat after him. Students can try putting their hand to their throat while pronouncing sounds to listen to how much the throat trembles when pronouncing the sound [d]. As a result, children must learn that the sound [d] is pronounced with the participation of a voice, therefore it is voiced, and [t] is pronounced without a voice, therefore it is deaf.
Students are given gray and black cards. When they hear the sound [d] in a word, they must pick up a black card, and when they hear [t] - a gray one.
Children are asked to look at pictures with a house, a bucket, a honeycomb, grass, a garden, a chair, and an arrow. Then these pictures need to be laid out under the letters d and t.
Students need to insert the missing letters d or t into the words: truck., boro.a, s.rela, vor.a, gr.usnik, ve.ka.